Child observation Essay

All the children at Gerber Preschool are between the ages of 3 and 4 years old and mainly consist of lower to lower middle class Hispanic and Caucasian families. Mya is a small statured 3 year old Hispanic Caucasian female, with light olive-toned skin, long brown hair, and large brown eyes. Toby is an average statured 4 year old Caucasian male, fair-skinned, blue-eyed, short brown hair. Toby and Mya both seem to be in good physical heath. Jesus is a slightly above average statured 4 year old Hispanic male, with dark brown skin, short spikey black hair and brown eyes. Spanish is Jesus primary language at home but is encouraged to speak English at school. Mya, Toby, and Jesus all appear to be right handed and in good physical heath. Description of Setting: The observation session began on Tuesday May 7, 2013, at approximately 10:00 AM in Gerber, California; the preschool has 2 adults and 8-10 kids. All the children were in line waiting to exit out the back door to the playground. The playground featured a large fenced off area with a large grassy area and the class flower bed covered by a large shade tree, large cement slab with tricycles and tetherball, play house, sand box, and large gym set. There is an assortment of activities available for the children to play including: kickball, bubble buckets, tetherball, hopscotch, jump rope, soccer, etc. Primary Observation: Start time 10:00 AM on Tuesday, May 7, 2013 10:00- Toby impatiently stands in line telling Jesus â€Å"I’m going to be the first one on the playground† Jesus yells â€Å"No I am! † two people behind them Mya and Jessica are holding hands laughing and whispering in each other’s ears. Everyone is squirming about unable to sit still waiting for the go ahead to head outside. 10:05- The children rush outside onto the grass and prepare for story time. Jesus screams â€Å"Rainbow Fish† once he sees the book in the teacher’s hands. Mya excitingly says â€Å"I want a rainbow fish† to Jesus, he in return says â€Å"I want one too. † All the children sit down so the teacher could begin the story. 10:10- During the story Toby was unable to see the book and yells to his teacher â€Å"Aren’t you going to face it to me. He continues to be disruptive getting up and interrupting the teacher. Toby is very energetic and begins to get restless playing with whatever is within his reach. He starts disturbing Jessica until the teacher asks him to sit back down and stop disturbing others Toby than sits back down and begins whining that he is unable to see the book again. 10:15- At the end of the story the teacher asks the children â€Å"Why did Rainbow Fish give away his scales? † Jesus immediately stood up and said â€Å"Because he was alone and wanted friends† Toby says â€Å"Now he has no more rainbow scales. † 10:20- The class is now on free time for the rest of the day. All the children immediately take off running for the playground; Toby and Jesus immediately go for the tricycles. While Mya went straight for the flower bed to dig with the shovel and buckets that were there. 10:25- Jesus, Toby, and another little boy raced back and forth across the pavement a couple times but quickly lost interest in the tricycles and more interested in what the other children were doing. 10:30- Toby ran over to where Mya was and Mya said â€Å"Let’s play house† the children discussed where they would live and what part they would act out. Toby excitedly screamed â€Å"Ok, I’m the daddy†, and Mya says â€Å"I’m the mommy†, and two other little boys Gauge and Angel are the sons. 10:35- Mya runs over to the play house and begins putting sand in a bucket and acts as if she is cooking while Toby makes the fire. Jesus walks over and picks up Mya’s bucket, she instantly got mad at Jesus and hit him. Jesus left crying and she said â€Å"He didn’t say please, so leave me alone. † She than stuck her tongue out at him, another girl by the name of Jessica told the teacher. The teacher told Mya that if she couldn’t talk nice and share she would have to choose another area to play. 10:40- After the incident Toby moves over to a bucket of bubbles with 3 wands, colored green, purple, and pink. Toby and Jesus blow bubbles together. No bubbles were coming out of Toby’s wand, so he blew with more force. Toby takes his wand to the teacher. He brought his wand back, dipped it in the bubble bucket and flung it out. 10:45- Mya gets the purple bubble wand and Toby goes over to Mya and tries to take it away from her. Mya begins to make sounds of being upset but soon gets over it when the other children begin popping the bubbles and she joins in squealing and laughing. 10:50- The teacher blows her whistle to signal to the children it’s time to clean up and go inside. Mya quickly grabs the bubble bucket yelling â€Å"I got the bubbles† while Jesus and Toby raced to the door to line up without picking up anything. 10:55- All the children walked back into the class room and were instructed to sit at a table. Toby got up from the table and a little boy named Gauge took his seat. He tried to get the attention of the teacher but she was busy with another child, so he pulled Gauge by the shirt and begin to cry saying â€Å"get out my chair† Gauge refused to move. Once the teacher finally got to them they had already started to tussle a little. Toby and Gauge were both placed in time out but first they had to apologize to one another. 11:00- End of observation. Analysis: Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female (pg. 252). All three children show gender identity when they discuss the roles of one another to play house, with Mya being the mother, Jesus the father, and Gauge and Angel as the sons. Mya also displays gender identity when she pretends to cook while playing house as well. On page 254 cooperative play is described as children playing with one another taking turns, playing games, etc. Mya, Toby, and Jesus demonstrate cooperative play as well as make-believe play throughout their game of house they coordinated ideas together as a group. Cooperative play is also apparent when the children play with the bubbles. The text on page 264 states that aggression is an intentional injury or harm to another person. Mya showed aggression by hitting Jesus when she became angry at him. Toby also displayed aggression when he grabbed Gauge in an attempt to get his chair back. In sum all of the children seem to be displaying appropriate social and emotional behavior and skills typical of their age.

Political Philosophy and Paine Essay

1. Why do you think Thomas Paine writes Common Sense anonymously? How does he think his work will be remembered? Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense anonymously because the ideas he used in writing the book were contradicting the government at that time. If the government knew that he wrote it then they will take action against him to punish him. He probably thought that his work would remain as something memorable such as it was only there to raise the spirit of the colonist to fight back and to stand up against the government. 2. According to Paine, what is the difference between society and government? Paine states that society and government are completely different in purpose and also different in origin. Society is created innocently for the people’s happiness although the government is poison but necessary product made by desires of people to support people’s happiness by forcefully restraining desires of people themselves. 3. What is the meaning of ‘liberty’ in Paine’s thought? Equality? What is the relationship between the two? The meaning of liberty in Paine’s thought was the state of being free within society from cruel limits enforced by authority on one’s way of life, behavior, or political views. He described equality as the state of being equal in positions, rights, and opportunities. The relationship between the two is that they work hand-in-hand because everyone should have equal rights. 4. According to Paine, why is there a need for regulations and government in general? According to Paine, it is a necessary evil for two reasons. The first reason is for security and freedom, things that everyone wants, are the true intention and end of government. The second reason is a moral asset which is the foundation of society, but it’s incapable of governing. In other words government is inevitable, because it is there to supply the defect of moral asset. 5. Why does Paine consider the English monarchy to be ineffective? Paine considered the monarchy in particular to be ineffective because the king is not informed enough to match his power, he naturally will thirst for more and more power, he can ignore the people’ voices and more importantly, he doesn’t and sometimes, is incapable of making sure his words comes to the people exactly same as he meant them to be. 6. What is the view of Gideon that Paine uses as an example? â€Å"As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty† (Gideon). From this quote of Gideon, we can assume Gideon’s point of views. He thinks that all men are equal and no one man can be above the rest. He also thinks that only God can rule over people. 7. What does Paine think that America will gain by separating from England? According to Paine, America will gain by separating from England is that it would not get contaminated by the monarchy he has been criticizing. Then, America will gain wealth and most importantly it will gain independence. 8. Describe Thomas Paine’s life and background, including where he is originally from and what his reputation was before, during, and after writing Common Sense. On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, by 1768 he found himself as a tax officer in England. Thomas didn’t exactly excel at the role, getting discharged from his post twice in four years. In 1774, by happenstance, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who helped him immigrate to Philadelphia. Then in 1776, he published Common Sense. 9. What is Paine’s argument based on? What intellectual movement and why? Paine’s argument is mostly based on things that everyone in the colony would consider common sense. The intellectual part about the concept is that even though he demonstrated a great length of knowledge, he made it look like his knowledge is even with the colonists. The reason for that is he really wanted the colonists to believe that the book is written by but someone among the colonists. That way, it is much easier to move the colonists’ spirit. 10. What is the role, for Paine, of the wars in Europe on American independence? His role is to remind them and clear their desire to live a life without great changes so that they can stand up and fight for their own lives. Paine’s role in the wars was not that of a leader but a reminder of the people’s cause. Because of Paine, people started to remember to stand up and fight back for their rights. 11. How does Paine argue the opposing point of independence? How does he counter the â€Å"reconciliationists†? Paine explains why the current time is a good time to break free of Britain. Primarily, Paine focuses on the present size of the colonies, and on their current capabilities. He presents an inventory of the British Navy and gives calculations revealing how America could build a navy of comparable size. Paine recommends this as a way of ensuring America’s security and prosperity in trade. Paine also argues that America is sufficiently small as to be united now. 12. List the reasons why Paine thinks independence is necessary. What is â€Å"the most powerful of all arguments† for independence? Paine thinks independence because England is violently oppressive in way that it’s exploiting America for the good of England. Being a part of the British Empire will inevitably involve America in unnecessary imperial conflicts. And the most powerful of all arguments is that England is too far away to govern America effectively, even if it wanted to. 13. Paine begins his analysis from the state of nature. What is the rhetorical function of this? What political goals does this serve? What role does nature have in Paine’s thinking? Nature does not sanction division of men into Kings and Subjects. It is only customary. The State of Nature as tool of criticism because a government must not make things worse than they are in the State of Nature if they are to deserve compliance. 14. For Paine, what is the relationship between law and liberty? Paine begins this section by making a distinction between society and government, and then goes on to consider the relationship between government and society in a state of â€Å"natural liberty†. He next tells a story of a few isolated people living in nature without government, and explains that the people find it easier to live together rather than apart; thus, they create a society. As the society grows, problems arise, and the people meet to make regulations in order to mitigate the problems. As the society continues to grow, a government becomes necessary to enforce these regulations, which over time, turn into laws 15. According to Common Sense, what is the basis of just government? According to Common Sense the basis of just government are Freedom, Happiness, and Efficiency 16. What point is Paine making when he argues, â€Å"Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America†? How does he use the national origins of English monarchs to show that the colonists’ English origins are irrelevant to the decision they now face? By grounding political authority in reason, Paine is able to make a persuasive argument undermining the foundations of British government, which is based in tradition, religion, and custom. 17. How does Paine reject the arguments of â€Å"men of passive tempers† who wish for reconciliation with Britain? Paine says that as a colony of Britain, America lacks respectability on the international scene. They are seen simply as rebels, and cannot form substantial alliances with other nations. In order to prosper in the long term, the colonies need to be independent 18. How does Paine answer the question, â€Å"Where is the king of America†? Paine answers this question by stating he reigns above in America, and the law is king. 19. How does Paine reject the argument that the colonies have â€Å"flourished† as members of the British Empire? What was Britain’s true motive in defending the colonies, and what does this motive reveal about the relationship between the two? Paine states that America has flourished under British rule, and therefore ought to stay under the king, Paine says that such an argument fails to realize that America has evolved and no longer needs Britain’s help. Some say that Britain has protected America, and therefore deserves allegiance, but Paine responds that Britain has only watched over America in order to secure its own economic well-being. 20. What did you learn from reading this assignment? What is your opinion of the work? The first thing that I learn from the assignment is the importance fighting back because Paine’s ideas were inspiring and knowledgeable and also that this was an important event for US history. In my opinion, the book common sense was by far one of the greatest historical books. Thomas Paine writing style is both fanatical and graceful, demonstrating Paine’s disgust, rage and passion without having to degrade his social status.

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multiculturalism - Essay Example In general, the practice of multiculturalism is said to be effective in improving the marketing communication of the Chinese and Indians who are residing in Australia. (Zhu, Nel, and Bhat, 2006) By considering the intercultural dimension and characteristics of each customer, business people are able to create a stronger buyer-seller relationship. Among the Australian Indians, it is the creation of trust and loyalty between them and the Asian seller(s) which further creates a way to develop future business opportunities. On the other hand, the Australian Chinese develop a close relationship with its Asian suppliers in order for them to be able to be able to end up making a win-win negotiation concerning the price and quality of the products they will purchase.Aside from improving the purchasers’ relationship with the Asian suppliers, multiculturalism also improves the working relationship between Australian business owners and their employed groups of workers in the Asian count ries. As a result of implementing multiculturalism within a business institution, a company’s all business performance and efficiency can be improved.The application of multiculturalism in doing business with Asia particularly in the trading of human power, raw materials, and finished products removes the cultural barriers and racial discrimination between Australia and the Asian countries. International trading is important since it could result in a significant economic advantage on the part of Australia.

John M. Keynes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John M. Keynes - Research Paper Example To Keynes, the nineteenth-century classical economics was inherently inadequate not only in eliminating national unemployment for those qualified and able to work at the prevailing wage rates, but they were also inefficient in distributing the national cake, thus creating unnecessarily the poor and uncivilized middle class (Keynes, 1963). Accordingly, he [Keynes] modeled a theoretical alternative framework, allowing governmental intervention to eliminate the faults of an economic system as they arise (Harrod, 1951). Indeed as it is, Keynes ended up with a powerful model, whose application is currently underway in sorting wide ranging practical human distress under the existing economic systems, right from the United States, a world economic leader struggling with massive deficits in the aftermath of a deadly crisis, to smaller, poor nations in the developing world. In his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (basically the heart of Keynesian economics), Keynes directed hi s energies in challenging the classical orthodoxy with an explicit analysis of what determines and what is the essential nature of effective demand within any economic system. With the exception of foreign trade, effective demand, according to Keynes, consists of three expenditure streams: household consumptions, investments, and government overheads, all of which are determined autonomously (Davidson, 2007). A realist with a strong distaste for the Panglossian philosophy, Keynes argued that the level of aggregate demand may well outstrip or fall way below the national physical production capacity. As such, the philosophy of automatic adjustment to produce at a level tending to the full employment of all available productive resource was a flawed economic assumption that might not be realized after all, for ‘In the long-run we are all dead', a fundamental theoretical shocker to the traditional economic optimism regardless of the circumstances, however strenuous (Davidson, 2007 , p. 15). In his own words, Keynes notes that: The optimism of traditional economics, which looks at economists as Candides, who, even though left critical analysis for other duties [cultivation their gardens], still teach â€Å"all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds† provides us with a false hope. For sure, there would be a natural tendency towards the full employment in a Society which was functioning in the manner of the classical postulates. It may be that they [the classical theorists] provided a representation of how we would want our Economy to behave. Nonetheless, assuming the Economy operates so only means assuming national difficulties. (1936, pp. 33–4) Nothing could be further from the truth; whether in the traditional or modern times, governments are voted in to decisively tackle the existing social deficiencies. With arguments that went against the old Say’s law supply creating demand, Keynes maintained that a government has the poss ibilities of stimulating the economy by increasing the aggregate demand, thereby arousing the existing firms to respond by utilizing the available unemployed

Summarize idea on the article paragraph reaction, response, question Essay

Summarize idea on the article paragraph reaction, response, question - Essay Example tive difficulties but at the same time many researchers are now recommending a more widespread use of these cognitive enhancing drugs to help people concentrate more, be awake longer hours and a lot more. However, with an increasing access to these drugs, there is a lot of arising issues that come up, such as the efficacy of this activity and the proven benefits that it can give rather than the problems it can cause. One of the main concerns with the use of these pharmaceutical drugs is the adverse effects it can wrought a person. All we know today is that cognitive enhancing drugs can really give immediate mental which can be attested by the many people who have already tried taking these drugs and have felt and experienced a significant wakefulness, energy, stamina, and memory. In certain surveys, a lot of people take these drugs before testing, while they are doing a paper, or perhaps during long hours of no sleep and they liked the fact that these drugs have delivered in the aspect of urgency by allowing them to think quickly and have an active body. However, speaking of the long term effects of which, little data is available. This is the problem that we have to deal with when it comes to bringing the use of cognitive enhancing drugs to the mainstream. Also, another thing to consider would be the fact that these people who can attest to the effectiveness of the drug cannot truly confirm tha t they actually got great results in the long run, such as the quality of a paper/dissertation, a result to a test, or, perhaps, a grade for a recitation they used the drug for. Thus, though quantity could be the strength of cognitive enhancing drugs as you can do more at a certain period of time, quality is not something they could guarantee. We all know that it is human nature to want to push against our limitations, but what about the risks? This is that one question we need to ask ourselves regarding the use of cognitive-enhancing drugs. Take Ritalin as an example. It

The War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War on Drugs - Essay Example r on Drugs is a combined effort at the prohibition and stoppage of drugs into the United States, involving various military operations, financial expenditures, and propaganda initiatives to change the social attitude regarding the acceptability of drug consumption. Such programs include the renowned Just Say No campaign, most familiar from the 1980s, which involved teaching children the dangers of drug use (Rogers & Blackstone, 2003). Further, as part of the international initiative to halt drug trafficking in the U.S., the military implemented Operation Just Cause which involved the 1989 invasion of Panama due to alleged reports that Panamas leadership was heavily responsible for drug movements into the United States (Rogers & Blackstone). However, outside of the activities being conducted every year by the government to prevent drug use, it is important to identify that despite these high financial expenditures, drug use and drug-related problems continue to escalate in the U.S. One sociological professional argues that the War on Drugs campaign has provided illegal drugs with heavier, however unintended, marketing and promotion, allowing society to become far too knowledgeable about drug movements thus they are more apt to consume them (Henslin, 2003). Engraining the existence of drugs, according to the author, into the social consciousness is what is believed to be the reason as to why drug use continues to climb domestically. Of course, Henslins viewpoint on the War on Drugs only represents a singular opinion, however statistics illustrate that drug convictions related to the movement and consumption of illegal substances has risen by nearly 20% since 2001 (Rogers & Blackstone). This should raise the question in the minds of the American populace as to whether these state and federal billions are being spent appropriately, as it appears that the War on Drugs is not making any significant impact on drug trafficking and consumption. Further, it is estimated

Animal Testing for Immunocompetence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal Testing for Immunocompetence - Essay Example In my thinking, these tests and others are somewhat effective but applying them to humans first in order to get a first-hand feedback can help in implementation of the tests since animals can not explain about the side effects which are not observable (Smits, Bortolotti& Tella,1999).Tests for the ability of animal’s body to detect foreign bodies and fight against them need not only be carried out in laboratories. Observing nutrition is a key element in the attempt of maintaining an organism’s Immunocompetence. It is my view that nutrient limitation or extension such as lack of enough protein can really bring down the Immunocompetence of an animal. Lack of the required diets can be used as a test of defining some diseases attacking the animals and the reasons behind it (MÃ ¸ller, Milinski& Slater, 1998). Another option for testing the Immunocompetence for animals is also through observing external circumstances which confront the animals’ immune system. This can be through testing the food they eat and water they drink. Contact with other infected animals can also be put as a crucial consideration in such tests which do not necessarily, involve the animal (Fox, 2002) From the above tests, a crucial message is gained in that animals do not necessarily have to go through clinical tests to assess their immunity competence, but it can also be done indirectly by observing their diet, ensuring uncontaminated feed is given to them and also through checking the health of the other associative animals.

BUS311 Wk4 DIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS311 Wk4 DIS - Assignment Example This includes buildings and minerals. Real property can be categorized into freehold, concurrent and non-freehold estates. Freehold estates are a type of real property that an individual has the right of ownership for an indefinite period while in the case of non-freehold estates; the owner has the right of ownership for a limited period of time (Rogers 2012). Concurrent estate is property that is owned by two or more persons. Real property is immovable. Personal property is any type of property that does not fall under real property. Personal property includes any right that an individual has over movable things. Personal property can be categorized into corporeal and incorporeal forms of personal property. Personal property can be moved from one place to another. The law treats each type of property differently and so should the society. This is mainly due to the fact that the different properties have different characteristics. Businesses protect their logos through intellectual property, businesses, land and buildings are protected using the real property law and the goods that they offer to their consumers are protected by personal law. I couldn’t agree with you less. Your explanations are straight to the point and I think that giving suitable examples makes your work a masterpiece. However, I wish you would have elaborated more on how the society should treat the different types of properties. I totally agree with you when it comes to real property characteristics. However, when it comes to intellectual property I think that it is not personally owned as you have stated. That said, I think your examples on the same are correct (copyrights and patents). I also concur with you that the different types of properties should be treated differently by the society since they have different meanings and covered by different laws. The Sarbanes Oxley act was passed by congress in the year 2002. The act

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Political Science - Essay Example When a particular state is composed of a single nation or people with common identity, we call it a nation-state† (Viotti 464). However, the dynamics of nationalism may be a little complex and tricky where more than one groups, may be on the basis of religion, race etc, exist and interacts to formulate the national interest of the state. This may result in sort of interest clashes if not dealt tactfully at state level. Ethnic and racial groups are conservative and traditionalist in their loyalty and allegiance towards their religion and race. These groups possess their own specific and rigid identities and like to maintain themselves as unit while sticking firm to these identities. The unity on the basis of religious or racial grouping gives birth to the problem of contentious autonomy within the state. The intricacies are purely the subject of politics and have to be address with political will while safeguarding the interest of state. The unity and identity on the basis of religion and race is a challenging issue for the state level unity and identity as a nation-state. People tend to retain their religious and racial identity while â€Å"Nationality involves a significant degree of self-definition and refers to a people with sense of common identity, if not destiny† (Viotti 464). Nationality demands subjugation of religious and ethnic interests by the sovereignty, integrity and solidarity of the state. If the group level identities and interests are dominated and governed by the state interests, the concept of nation-state persists and flourishes otherwise it spoils and destroys. Nationalism manifest itself in several different colors and shapes but one major attribute of the nationalism is its conformity to the history and myth. Every state despite existence of multicultural religious and racial groups and unities share some common exhibits of historical and mythical events which promote nationalism. Among these

Analys Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analys Paper - Essay Example The story, however, does not end here. The number of deaths has increased remarkably at around 4 times higher than the previous government reign (Bergen & Braun, 2012). There is a debate over the legality, ethicality and reality behind the policies adopted in the name of Drone warfare against terrorism. Critics believe that these attacks do not carry any moral, legal or ethical weight as the attacks do not merely harm the targeted terrorists but rather the civilians are harmed. This school of thought sheds more light on the innocent people killed in areas like Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. They believe that drone attacks are not a mere attempt to curb terrorism anymore but it goes beyond it and has stepped towards diminishing and threatening different groups in the name of war against terrorism. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reports that in 346 drone strikes around 2570 to 3337 deaths and around 1232-1366 injured people were reported in Pakistan alone between 2004 and 2012 (S erle & Woods, 2012). Benjamin (2012) further sheds light on the misuse of drone warfare by the US Government to brutally end the lives of incalculable blameless citizens in countries including Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen and Pakistan (Benjamin, 2012). The opponents of drone warfare policies recommend a systematic, rational and more comprehensive view to resolve the terrorism issue. They find such brutal killings as another way to promote terrorism, i.e. a more civilized and official step towards taking part in terrorist activities. The US administration’s over reliance and misuse of the authorities and powers is not only harming the ethical values it held but is also coming into a conflict with the diplomatic and political targets it aimed to achieve (Editorial Board, 2012). TBIJ suggests that US drones are responsible for the death of 50 civilians during February 2012, who were struggling to aid and rescue victims of a previous attack. Such attacks that merely kill the innoc ent rescue workers, rescue teams, civilians and others aiming at clearing up the attacked site or helping victims after the first attack have increased the death rates of injured civilians who could be saved by the provision of timely medical assistance (Scott 2012). The double attacks have threatened people from visiting the attacked site until a considerable time has elapsed. The US, hence, needs to clarify the position and aim of such attacks which are more inclined to affect and kill innocent civilians and militants rather than the targeted terrorist groups. The supporters of drone war claim that drone attacks and terrorist activities have been reduced. They claim that the drone warfare is affecting their organizational capacity. Continuous attacks on the terrorists firstly reduce their number by diluting their power and secondly it discourages people from involving into such activities or groups regardless of any religious or monetary benefit they are assured of (Boyle, 2013). It seems quite practical; yet, the political case of innocent civilians killed is stronger and has forced US to look into the issue more closely and responsibly. The United Nations involvement in the issue is a living example of the cruelty it poses to the very basic phenomenon of humanity. In addition to the Protestants in Yemenis, and other countries affected by the US drones, exponential rise

Attractive Nuisance Essay Example for Free

Attractive Nuisance Essay Whether Sherman, under the attractive nuisance doctrine, will likely prevail against Carlisle for multiple injuries he sustained in a fall from wooden steps of a tree house in disrepair while trespassing upon Carlisle’s property when: (1) Carlisle was aware that the neighborhood surrounding his property was populated with children; (2) a severe storm had damaged Carlisle’s property and exposed the previously concealed tree house; (3) Sherman was six years of age at the time of his injury; (4) Carlisle had little incentive to make repairs to the tree house prior to the storm because of its concealment; (5) immediately following the storm, Carlisle made arrangements with a contractor at a higher than average rate to make repairs to his property; and (6) Sherman was enticed to enter Carlisle’s land by construction materials and yellow caution tape and was unaware of the tree house until entering upon the property. Statement of Facts Carlisle has contacted our office seeking advice regarding an action against him for injuries suffered by a neighborhood boy, Sherman, while Sherman was trespassing upon his property. You have asked me to determine whether Sherman can prevail by proving Carlisle liable for his injuries. In 2005, Carlisle purchased â€Å"Fieldstone,† a two-acre estate sixty-five miles southwest of downtown Miami. Carlisle anticipated that his New York based company would expand into southern Florida and that he would eventually settle at Fieldstone. However, due to increased demands from his New York business, Carlisle has rarely spent more than two or three days at a time at Fieldstone, with long stretches in between. The estate, at the time of the incident, had been poorly maintained for quite some time and the backyard was vastly overgrown. Its unkempt condition appealed to Carlisle, however, as he looked forward to clearing the grounds himself. He was likewise intrigued by an abandoned tree house on the property that appeared structurally sound although in need of some repairs to its floorboards and slatted steps. The tree house was completely concealed by decades of overgrown foliage. Furthermore, Carlisle, who valued his privacy, was pleased that the property was protected by a high wooden fence, which concealed the residence, the yard, and the tree house from neighbors and passersby. Because of the tree house’s concealment and the security of the fence, Carlisle decided that the tree house did not require immediate repairs. None of Carlisle’s neighbors were aware of the tree house on his property. In October 2009, Fieldstone was severely damaged by a storm that swept the Florida coast. The back fence was weakened after being jarred by an uprooted tree and high winds stripped away most of the foliage that had concealed the tree house. As a result, the tree house was now visible from within the property, although it was still hidden from outside view. Carlisle made immediate efforts to hire work crews to make repairs. However, due to widespread damage across the greater Miami area, demand for services was extensive and most local contractors were charging very high rates. After contacting several contracting services, Carlisle finally made arrangements with a Broward County contractor, although at a higher than average rate. Less than two weeks after the storm, a subcontractor delivered building materials to Fieldstone and stacked them in the backyard. The work crew would be available in two or three weeks to begin repairs. In the meantime, Carlisle took short-term measures by posting several â€Å"no trespassing† signs conspicuously about the exterior and interior of his property. He also ran yellow caution tape around the tree house and building materials. Carlisle then returned to his business in New York. The next day, Sherman and three other neighborhood boys, all five to six years of age, were playing in an alley behind Carlisle’s property when their ball accidentally crashed into Fieldstone’s weakened back fence, breaking the slats and creating an opening to the yard. The children could see into the yard and were immediately attracted by the yellow caution tape and building materials. Upon entering the yard, they discovered the tree house. The tree house was inaccessible but for a frayed piece of rope that had once been part of a ladder. The rope was beyond the reach of Sherman and the others, so they swung themselves over the lower branches of the tree to reach the lower landing of the tree house. They successfully managed to hoist themselves onto the lower landing from where they began to run along the labyrinth-like walkways and steps in a race to reach the top of the tree house. Sherman was running ahead of the others but tumbled when one of the worn slatted steps splintered and gave way. Sherman fell a long distance to the ground and sustained multiple injuries. Discussion The attractive nuisance doctrine is based on the fundamental fact that children do not possess the same judgment or ability to recognize risk as adults. Johnson v. Wood, 155 Fla. 753, 21 So. 2d (Fla. 1945). Its purpose is to afford the trespassing child, where the elements of the doctrine are met, the same protection, applying the principles of ordinary negligence that would be afforded an invitee on the premises. Martinello v. B P USA, Inc., 566 So. 2d 762 (Fla. 1990). The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to demonstrate that each element of the attractive nuisance doctrine is satisfied. Id. at 764. If the plaintiff proves each element of the doctrine, the defendant is then liable to the plaintiff for injuries caused by an artificial condition on the defendant’s property. Id. To establish attractive nuisance, a plaintiff must prove each of the following: (1) the place where the condition exists is one which the possessor knows or has reason to know that children are likely to trespass; (2) the condition is one in which the possessor knows or has reason to know and realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children; (3) the children, because of their youth, do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming within the area made dangerous by it; (4) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition and the burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the risk to children involved; (5) the possessor fails to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger or otherwise to protect the children; and (6) the property owner entices the children upon the dangerous premises. Id. at 763. In this case, Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle knew or should have known that after the storm, neighborhood children were likely to trespass upon Fieldstone and that the tree house on the property was unsafe for children. Sherman can also prove that he was unaware of the risk involved in climbing the tree house because of his young age. It is unlikely, however, that Sherman can prove Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger was minor in comparison with the risk to children of climbing the tree house or that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger. And it is highly unlikely Sherman can prove he was enticed by the tree house to enter Carlisle’s property. A. Children Likely to Trespass To establish the likelihood of trespass, a plaintiff must show that a land owner knows or should know that the premises are in a neighborhood where young children â€Å"of immature years† play and that they will be attracted to the premises. Carter v. Livesay Window Co., 73 So. 2d 412 (Fla. 1954). Sherman can argue that Carlisle’s awareness of children within his neighborhood is sufficient for a court to find this element met. Furthermore, although Carlisle’s property was not under construction per se, it was under repair; in Carter, the court held that â€Å"in a residential neighborhood†¦it is common knowledge that children are as prone to play around houses under construction as monkeys prone to climb trees.† Id. at 413. Moreover, courts have found that the mere existence of children in a neighborhood where a dangerous condition exists is sufficient to satisfy this element. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d 518 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984); Ed Ricke Sons, Inc.v. Green, 609 So. 2d 508 (Fla. 1992). B. Unreasonable Risk to Children A plaintiff can satisfy the risk element by showing that a possessor of land knows or should know that a condition involves an unreasonable risk of death to children. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d at 518. In In re Estate of Starling, the defendant was aware that children frequently trespassed upon his property to swim in an excavated pond. Id. The defendant in that case left an underwater pump running that caused the plaintiff to drown. Id. at 519. Because the pump was concealed within the pool and the plaintiff was unaware of its existence, the court held that the pump constituted a concealed danger equivalent to a â€Å"man-made trap.† Id. Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle was aware of the dilapidated condition of the tree house and that it was unsafe for children. Sherman can further argue that the worn and slatted steps of the tree house were as deadly to children as â€Å"an extremely dangerous intake hose of sufficient size and strength to catch and hold a swimmer [underwater, drowning him].† Id. C. Inability to Realize Risk Because of Age A central objective of the attractive nuisance doctrine is to protect children of â€Å"tender years† by considering their inability to appreciate danger. Johnson, 155 Fla. 753, 21 So. 2d at 756. â€Å"[T]here is no definite age beyond which the [attractive nuisance doctrine] does not apply†¦however, as the child’s age increases, the conditions become fewer in which there can be recovery.† Lister v. Campbell, 371 So. 2d 136 (Fla. 1st DCA 1979). In Lister, the court concluded that the plaintiff, aged fourteen years and eleven months, possessed sufficient ability to understand and appreciate the danger involved in diving into two feet of water. Id. at 137. Given Sherman’s young age, he can easily prove that he was unable to realize the danger of climbing the tree house. Moreover, Sherman can prove that the warning signs Carlisle placed about his property were of no effect because in Nunnally v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 266 So. 2d 78 (Fla. 3d DCA 1972), the court noted that written warnings were of virtually no consequence to a plaintiff two years older than Sherman. Id. D. Burden of Eliminating Dangerous Condition Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger of the tree house was slight as compared with its risk to trespassing children. Prior to the storm, Fieldstone was protected by a high perimeter fence that prevented trespass upon the property. In addition, because the tree house was concealed by foliage, no one within Carlisle’s neighborhood was aware of its existence. Given Carlisle’s busy schedule, it would have been inconvenient for him to make repairs that he regarded to be of low-priority. Therefore, Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger was far greater than the risk it presented to children based on a remote possibility of trespass. However, Carlisle’s burden shifted once the fence was damaged and the tree house was exposed by the storm. Carlisle then took immediate measures to eliminate the risk. By contrast, in Ed Ricke Sons, Inc., the Dade County Housing Authority was aware that over an eight-year period, a constantly renewed pool of scalding hot water flowing from a defective hot water in a public housing project was allowed to remain in an outdoors location easily accessible to children. Ed Ricke Sons, Inc. v. Green, 609 So. 2d at 508. This condition ultimately led to a child suffering burns over his entire body. Id. at 509. Analyzing this cost/benefit element, the court concluded that â€Å"[t]he cost of eliminating this nuisance would have been slight – certainly no more than the cost of installing a new hot water heater – compared with the enormous costs of caring for [the plaintiff child].† Id. E. Failure to Exercise Reasonable Care A land owner has a duty to take reasonable precautions to protect children from injury when a dangerous condition exists upon his property. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d at 521. Failure to exercise such care makes the land owner subject to liability for bodily harm to the trespassing child. Id. In this case, Carlisle arranged for services with a contractor at a higher than average rate to insure that repairs were made as soon as possible. Additionally, Carlisle made good faith efforts to warn potential trespassers by placing â€Å"keep out† signs conspicuously about his property. Given these facts, it is unlikely Sherman can prove that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care. F. Enticement Under the attractive nuisance doctrine, a child must be allured upon the premises of a land owner. Martinello, 566 So. 2d at 763; Concrete Constr., Inc., of Lake Worth v. Petterson, 216 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 1968). Should a child simply wander upon the property of another and suffer injury, absent an allegation that he was attracted by a condition existing within it, this element would not be met. Concrete Constr., Inc., of Lake Worth, 216 So. 2d at 222. Stated another way, if a child is injured by a condition other than the one that allured him to the premises and he is not allured to the condition causing his injury, this element cannot be satisfied. Nunnally, 266 So. 2d at 78. In Nunnally, a minor trespasser was chasing other children around a newspaper publishing building when he slipped and got his arm caught in a conveyor belt, resulting in injury. Id. The court rejected the boy’s claim under the attractive nuisance doctrine because â€Å"[at] the time of the injury, the min or plaintiff was not allured or attracted to†¦the conveyor belt.† Id. Moreover, it does not matter if a child is injured by a condition to which he is allured when that condition is different from the one that initially enticed him onto the property. Johnson v. Bathey, 376 So. 2d 848 (Fla. 1979). In Johnson, a child was allured to premises to collect surplus vegetables, but once upon the property, his attention shifted to an irrigation ditch wherein he was subsequently injured by a concealed pump. Id. The court rejected the boy’s claim because â€Å"[t]here is no doubt that [the child] was not allured onto the premises by the existence of the pump, because [he] didn’t even know about the pump until [he] had traveled some distance onto the property.† Id. In this case, Sherman was attracted onto Fieldstone by yellow caution tape and construction materials. The tree house, though exposed after the storm, was not visible from outside the property. Therefore, Sherman could not possibly have been attracted by something he could not see. Sherman was unaware of the tree house until entering upon the property; it follows naturally that he could not have been enticed by it. Since Sherman’s injuries resulted from running along the weathered steps of the tree house and not from running around the construction materials or caution tape, he will have great difficulty proving that this element is met. Sherman may argue that the tree house constitutes a concealed danger within Carlisle’s property. This argument, however, fails to satisfy the enticement element because concealed dangers must be contained within the condition of allurement. Mueller v. South Florida Water Management Dist., 620 So. 2d 789 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993). In Mueller, the plaintiff was injured when he ran into a concealed guardrail while riding his dirt bike on the landowner’s property. Id. In this case, the tree house caused Sherman’s injuries, but the tree house was not the condition that allured him to enter the premises nor was it a danger concealed within the caution tape and building materials, which were the conditions that initially allured him onto the property. Conclusion Sherman is unlikely to prevail against Carlisle under the attractive nuisance doctrine because he will be unable to prove each of the six elements. Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle was aware that neighborhood children were likely to trespass upon Fieldstone after the storm, that the exposed tree house was an unreasonable risk to children, and that he was unable to realize the risk of climbing the tree house because of his young age. However, Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle’s utility to maintain the tree house was slight, especially since Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger increased by way of a natural means – the storm – as opposed to his own neglect. Furthermore, Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care due to the fact that he took immediate action to eliminate the danger, even incurring the financial hardship of voluntarily agreeing to a higher than average rate with a contractor to ensure the danger was eliminated as soon as possible. Lastly, it is very unlikely Sherman will prove that he was enticed upon the premises by the tree house because he was unaware of its existence until entering upon the property. It is for these reasons that a court is likely to find Carlisle not liable for Sherman’s injuries under the attractive nuisance doctrine.

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method Determination of adulterants such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in honey using HPLC method 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Standard of hydroxymethylfurfural was purchased from sigma Aldrich. All the samples and standards were diluted using distilled deionised water. Methanol, sodium hydroxide,diphenyl-1-pikryl, ascorbic acid, 2,2- hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were of analytical reagent grade and purchased from Techno PharmChem, Avonchem and Alpha Chemika Ltd. Most glassware used are stainless steel dish, porcelain crucible, beakers (5, 25, 100 and 250 mL), pipettes (1, 10 and 50 mL), burette (10 and 25 mL), measuring cylinders (10, 100, 250 and 500 mL) and volumetric flasks (10, 100, 200, 1000 mL) were of grade A. All the glasswares were rinsed with distilled deionised water to remove surface contaminants prior to use. Oven, Incubator and furnace used were of make Gallenkamp, Memmert and respectively The absorbance was recorded on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. 2.2 Description of honey sample 13 Honey samples of different brands (Wescobee, Elodie, EL BREZAL, Hosen, Tropic, Lune de miel, Mc Mahon’s, ALSHIFA, Casino, Sunny, Gitto’s, Rodrigues Honey, and Natural Honey) were bought from Intermart Hypermarket, Jumbo Hypermarket and Monoprix Hypermarket. Brief details of different honey analysed, highlighting the manufacturing and expiry date, lot no, country of origin, and ingredients (if specified) are given in table 5. Table 5: Description of honey samples Sample code Sample Brand/ Name Details SP1 (a) Wescobee 100% Pure Honey Manufacturing date: May 2014 Expiry date: May 2017 Lot no:4107A Origin: Australia Ingredient: Pure honey SP9 (b) Elodie Miel Fruità © Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 28.08.15 Lot no: 4059ID Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP3 (c) EL BREZAL Eucalyptus Honey Manufacturing date: February 2014 Expiry date: February 2017 Lot no: 2247 Origin: Spain Ingredient: 100% pure natural honey SP8 (d) Hosen Pure Honey Manufacturing date: 25.10.13 Expiry date: 24.10.15 Lot no: NA Origin: China Ingredient: 100% honey SP6 (e) Tropic Lychee Honey Manufacturing date: September 2012 Expiry date: August 2014 Lot no: TP-002 Origin: India Ingredient: Pure honey SP10 (f) Lune de miel Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 01.05.16 Lot no:L28663A Origin: France Ingredient: 100% pure honey SP5 (g) Mc Mahon’s Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: March 2016 Lot no: B140813 Origin: Australia Ingredient: NA SP7 (h) ALSHIFA Natural Honey Manufacturing date: November 2013 Expiry date: October 2018 Lot no: NA Origin: Saudi Arabia Ingredient: 100% natural SP4 (i) Casino Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 10.03.16 Lot no: 206354 Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP12 (j) Sunny Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 24.01.16 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Honey SP11 (k) Gitto’s Special Honey Manufacturing date: 27.06.14 Expiry date: 26.06.15 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Cane sugar syrup 85%, pure honey 15% SP2 (l) Rodrigues Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Rodrigues Ingredient: NA SP13 (m) Natural Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: NA 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Sample preparation prior to physicochemical analysis 2.3.1.1 Moisture Moisture was determined according to AOAC method (925.45D) (Appendix I). Stainless steel dish with 25g sand and a glass rod were dried in an oven for 1 hour, cooled in a desiccator then weighed. 1g of homogenised honey sample was added and mixed thoroughly with the sand by means of the rod. The latter was then heated on steam bath for 15 min and dried in an oven for 2 hours at 60 °C, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed to a constant mass. 2.3.1.2 Ash Ash was determined according to AOAC method (920.181) (Appendix II) such that 5g of homogenized honey samples were added to pre-weighed empty porcelain. The samples were then allowed to dry on a water bath and heated on a hot plate until carbonized. The resulting carbonized samples were place in furnace at 600 °C for 6 hours, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed. 2.3.1.3 pH pH was measured at 25 °C by preparing a 10% (w/v) solution (dry weight basis) in distilled deionised water by a Delta Ohm HD 8706 pH meter. 2.3.1.4 Total Acidity Free acids, lactones, total acidity and pH were measured using a Mettler Toledo MP 220 pH meter according to the AOAC method 962.19 (Appendix III) as follows: 10g of honey samples were weighed in a 250 mL beaker and dissolved in 75 mL of CO2 free distilled deionised water (obtained by cooling freshly boiled deionised water). The mixtures were stirred using magnetic stirrer and titrated against 0.05M sodium hydroxide at a rate of 5 mL/min until the pH reached 8.50. 10 mL of 0.05M sodium hydroxide was pipetted and back-titrated with 0.05M hydrochloric acid to pH 8.30. A blank titration was also performed using similar procedure. Acidity of honey samples were calculated as follows: 2.3.1.6 Electrical conductivity The electrical conductivity was determined based on a method derived from Apiservices from the ash content of the honey samples according to the equation: 2.3.2 Sample preparation for HMF determination prior to HPLC analysis Aliquots of honey samples were prepared by weighing 1g of honey and were diluted to 10 ml with distilled water, filtered on 0.45 mm filter and injected into an HPLC equipped with a UV detector. The HPLC column was an Agilent, C18, 5 µm, 125 x 4 mm. The HPLC conditions were the following: isocratic mobile phase, 1% of acetic acid and methanol in the ratio (80:20); flow rate, 0.25 ml/min; injection volume, 2  µl, temperature; 30 °C. All the solvents were of HPLC grade. The chromatograms were monitored at 285 nm. All the samples were analysed in triplicates and after every 6 samples, a standard check was analysed. HMF was identified by analysing the peak in honey with a standard HMF, and by comparison of the spectra of the HMF standard with that of one honey samples. The amount of HMF in the honey samples was determined using a calibration curve and by comparing the peak area of the standard and the resulting samples. All honey samples were stored at room temperature (25–30 °C) in a well closed container and the HMF content of each sample was analysed on a monthly basis throughout a period of four months. To determine HMF progress during heat treatment, honey samples were subjected to heat treatment by placing 1g honey sample in a glass container, and heat in a water bath at 40 ºC, 60  ºC, 80 ºC, and 100 ºC for 5 min. The time was calculated when temperature reached the required degree. The honey samples were then cooled rapidly to room temperature (25 °C) and proceed as above to determine the HMF content. 2.3.2.1 Calibration curve for HMF for HPLC analysis A 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard was prepared by dissolving 0.0101 g of HMF standard in 100 mL of distilled deionised water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. From the 100 ppm stock solution, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm standard solution were prepared separately in 10 mL volumetric flasks. The different volumes of the stock solutions which were diluted to 10 mL are given in Table 4. The resulting standards were analysed on a HPLC UV detector at 285 nm and a calibration curve was plotted. Table 6: Volume of 100 ppm stock to prepare different concentration of HMF Concentration/ppm Volume of 100 ppm stock used/mL 10 1.00 20 2.00 30 3.00 40 4.00 50 5.00 A 10 ppm spike sample of HMF was prepared by pipetting 200  µL of 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard and transferred to the 2 g sample of honey and diluted to 20 mL with distilled deionised water. 2.3.2.2 Limit of detection and quantification The limit of detection and quantification of HMF was calculated according to EPA method SW-846 (Appendix V). LOD is defined to be the minimum level at which the analyte can be detected reliably with signal-to noise 3:1. Different standards of HMF was analysed namely 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04ppm such that detection limit of HMF was thus then established by analysing a 0.05ppm HMF standard solution seven times and the standard deviation of the repeats for the analyse was multiplied by a factor 3.14 based on student t-statistics. The limit of quantification with signal-to noise ratio 10:1 was calculated by multiplying the obtained standard deviation by 10. 2.3.3 Anti-oxidative property using DPPH radical scavenging activity 4.5mg of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) was dissolved in 100 mL methanol and wrapped in aluminium foil to prevent light from entering. For the assay, a 96 wells Elisa plate was used. 100 µL of test sample was placed in the first well using micropipette. 50 µL methanol was added to all other wells and serial dilution was done. 50 µL of sample from the first well was pipette and transferred to the second well previously containing 50 µL methanol and the solution was mixed to ensure homogeneity. The 50 µL of the resulting solution was pipette and transferred to the third well and so on. Each well now contained 100 µL of solution after the dilution. 100 µL DPPH (4.5mg/100ml) solution was then added to every well. The solutions were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C in an incubator and the absorbances of the resulting solutions were read at 492nm on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. The % scavenging activity of the samples was calculated as follows: Antioxidative property of the samples; firstly with no heating of the honeys and secondly with a heating temperature of 100 °C for five minutes were performed and proceed similarly to that of control ascorbic acid. Note: A yellowish change in colour indicates the presence of ascorbic acid activity. 1311

Discuss Controversial Figure Thomas Cromwell History Essay

Discuss Controversial Figure Thomas Cromwell History Essay In this paper I would like to discuss Thomas Cromwell which was a controversial figure. Some people called him the ideal statesman of Tudor England, the other people called him most corrupt Chancellor. Cromwell was one of the most outstanding personalities of the English Renaissance era, which had ahead his time. Lets start from the biography of Thomas Cromwell. He was an important political personality in medieval England, he was the first counselor of King Henry VIII in 1532-1540., He was the chief ideologist of the English Reformation, one of the Anglicanism founders. He was born in 1485 in the family of tavern and brewery owner Walter Cromwell. His grandfather was a blacksmith. In addition, the father of Thomas Cromwell hadnt sober and honest behavior. There is evidence that he not only had a violent temper, but was accused of fraud. But Thomas and his older sister, Katherine were quite different people. As a teenager, after a conflict with his father, he left not only his home in the village of Putney (now part of London), but also the country. The thirst for adventure and a desire to see the world made him a French mercenaries in the Italian army from which he soon deserted, leaving the battlefield. After the army he went to live in Florence and employed to work at the banker whose name was Friskabaldi. Such start of young life made him possible to get on his feet quickly and travel to Rome. However, inquisitive Cromwell interested not only in finances. He enthusiastically watched the political life in Florence, where he met with the writings of Machiavelli. Later, he often followed the recommendations of the Emperor author. A few years later he moved to Holland, where he worked as a sales agent of English merchants in Antwerp. Approximately in 1513 Thomas Cromwell returned to England with a sufficient amount of money and began to live in London, at first he traded fabrics and wool, and then became one of the most famous lawyer in England. Such situation gave him the opportunity to meet with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Lord Chancellor of King Henry VIII, so that he became his secretary and manager of pontifical estates. The most famous act in that capacity à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ was the abolition of the small monasteries. In 1529 he became a member of Parliament, and after the fall of Wolsey succeeded his officials under the kings court. Cromwells career abruptly went up in 1533 when he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and then in the 1536 he became Lord Privy Seal. However, the real power of Cromwell was given him by the Kings friendship and confidence. Cromwell had undoubted talent for management, some historians regarded him as the founder of the revolution in the governments control scheme. If earlier decisions were made in accordance with the wishes of the King (sometimes ill-advised and inconsistent), then Cromwell had developed a system of departments with used control techniques. Not all researchers agree with this statement, but, no doubt, Thomas Cromwell played a leading role in monasteries destruction. Harshness with which Cromwell enforced the secularization of church property, gave him the nickname the hammer of monks. Widespread closures of monasteries almost cost Thomas Cromwells career. In 1537 in the north of England, began the rebellion of Catholics, called the Pilgrimage of Mercy. The main demand of the rebels was the execution of Cromwell. However, the rebellion was suppressed. All segments of society hated him, they often guided by a completely opposite intentions, there wasnt such segment of society, which support or sympathy he could count on. For ordinary people, he was the organizer of the bloody persecution suppressor action against the new levies, the hardships that had befallen peasants after the closure of the monasteries. For the nobility, he was an upstart a commoner, which did not take rightful place at court. Catholics (especially the clergy) didnt forgiven him the break with Rome and the subordination of church to the king, plundered of church lands and weal th, Lutherans patronage . And those, in turn, accused the minister in the pursuit of new, true faith, and in condescending attitude towards Catholics. The Scots, Irish, inhabitants of Wales had a lot of claims to Cromwell. Cromwell played a leading role in establishing the rule of a monarch over the church, in the empowerment of the royal Privy Council, whose rights were extended to the north of England, Wales and Ireland. Cromwell filled the lower house of parliament by creatures of the yard and turned it into an instrument of the Crown. He was able to dramatically increase revenue of coffers at the expense of confiscation of monastic lands, and taxation of trade, development of which he encouraged by skilled protectionist policies, Thomas Cromwell managed to increase British influence in Scotland, a significant expansion of the British crown estates in Ireland, the final incorporation of Wales. Analyzing the literature I can say that Tomas Cromwell greatly influenced King. What else could King claim from the Minister, which not only handles all the orders of the king, but tried to guess his desires and anticipate the plans to which he had not yet figured out? However, the success of Cromwell jaundiced narcissistic Henry, he got into a huff by his minister intellectual superiority. The influence of Cromwell testified Henrys inability to get out of a painful divorce case, to reorganize the state and church affairs in the spirit of royal absolutism. The minister was a living reminder about the second marriage of King, the infamous process and the execution of Anne Boleyn, which he wanted to bring to eternal oblivion. More than once it seemed to Henry that Cromwell prevented him from appling his public capacity, prevented him to be among the major politicsof his era Charles V and Francis I. Thomas Cromwell made a great contribution to a difficult divorce of Henry VIII. The first wife of Henry VIII was Catherine of Aragon. Henry was still young when he married her, she was a widow of his brother Arthur. Katerina was a Spaniard, she was strict in religion and morals, with calm nature, which didnt correspond to rapid temper of the king. The only thing that spoke in favor of Henry it was his beauty, mind, love to science, amorous, but none of these qualities she did not appreciate. She married him because the marriage was approved by the pope. But the blessing of the pope did not save her from unhappiness. Henry could not long remain faithful to his wife. A great admirer of the female, he was constantly moved from one subject of passion to another, until finally he stopped on the court lady, Anne Boleyn, who didnt want to live together without marriage, and demanded the marriage and Henry chose the divorce with Catherine. However, the king met with resistance! Everybody were against divorce: the Father, and Catherine, and trusted people of the King. But Henry has already managed to learn all the charm of tyranny and said he would not retreat from his decision. Divorce in medieval dynastic tradition was a quite common phenomenon, so Henry was not particularly doubt in his success, but the question of Henrys divorce had been delaying for six years. King has repeatedly tried to make Ekaterina to divorce with him, or retired to a monastery, but she skillfully and firmly reflected his attack. Henry was hoping for the Popes order of invalidity of marriage on the grounds that the King married his brothers wife. Thomas Cromwell proposed Henry divorced Catherine without the Pope permission. Why, he said, the king did not want to follow the example of German princes and with the assistance of Parliament declare himself the head of the national church? This idea seemed very attractive, and soon he returned to persuade himself. Henry, following the advice of Thomas Cromwell, decided to break with the Pope and declared himself as a head of the English Church, asked to help the domestic court. To give the case a legal nature, the council was convened, chaired by Archbishop of Canterbury. Cathedral decided or rather, Henry decided, by means of Archbishop, who blindly did his will that the head of the English Church, will be king. Often, but erroneously stated that Cromwell wanted to make Henry the absolute monarch. Cromwell acted through the House of Commons, that is why the decisive factor was the adoption of the Parliament reform (1529-1536). Thomas Cranmer rightly wrote in 1537 to Strasbourg reformer Wolfgang Kapiton: In all that has hitherto been achieved in the reformation of religion and the clergy, only Cromwell did more than all the others together. Five-year legal reform led the authority of the Pope in England replaced by supremacy of the king over the English church. Cromwells efforts to abolish the legal independence of the church began with the adoption of the Supplication of the Commons Against the Ordinaries, which said about restricting the right of clergy to assert ecclesiastical laws without the consent of the House of Commons, and the arbitrary and abusive acts of ecclesiastical courts were criticized, which were often unfair to the laity. The King complained the Speaker of the House that the prelates during his ordination sweared allegiance to the Pope. On May 15, 1532 council adopted an appeal of the clergy, asking the king the protection from the House of Commons and giving the council control of his legislative activities in return for his patronage of the ecclesiastical courts. The next day, Thomas More resigned from his post as chancellor. By the end of the year the stopping payment of annatto act to Rome was approved , and the Pope, because of the threat, made Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury,. In March 1533 Cromwell prepared statement of overriding Act to limit appeals. The famous preamble to the Act reads: The Kingdom of England is the Empire under the sole rule of the Supreme Head and King, who has the imperial dignity and the imperial throne, and whom society consisting of people of different classes and conditions of various titles and the foundations of spiritual and secular, after God is obliged by natural and humble obedience. Act held that issues relating to the activities of the king, sent for consideration to the Supreme Church Council, the highest legal authority, and no further appeal beyond the Kingdom, for example in Rome were impossible. Resistance to the Henry church upheaval was surprisingly weak, but on the altar of change were two victims: Bishop John Fisher and the layman Sir Thomas More. Fisher and More could not make a compromise with their conscience and to sign the Act of the rule, because it rejected the authority of the Pope. In February 1536 the reformist parliament received from Cromwell inspectors reports about monasteries and approved the first act of elimination. Henry was forced to limit the number of monasteries, due to economic reasons, as well as for religious reasons and because of the anticlerical the House of Commons mood. In adopting the act in 1536, Parliament abolished the small communities with an annual income of less than 200 pounds. Most of the larger monasteries were forced to obey the King. Monastic lands transition to the hands of the nobility contributed to further strengthening of this class and his participation in the governance of the country, while at the level of local governance became dominate the rich esquires. Profits from the land sale and other property were used for the pensions of certain former monks and nuns for the content of the new diocese, new schools and colleges as well as to enrich the royal purse. In 1539, to strike up relations with German Protestants, Cromwell persuaded the king to marry Anne of Cleves the sister of a German duke. Alas, the bride did not like Henry. Circumstances allowed the leaders of the Catholic party at the yard Thomas Duke of Norfolk and Bishop Stephen Gardiner to convince a suspicious king in the unreliability of his most loyal ministers. He was arrested and executed in confidence in the Tower of London in 1540. After that, his head was welded and installed on a stake on London Bridge. Reformer Tomas Cromwell made a great contribution to the formation of the Anglican Church. Renowned British historian Thomas Babington Macaulay called the Anglican Church fruit of unity of government and Protestants, i.e., the result of the consent of both parties in the views of the church. Alliance between the Crown and Protestantism was not easy and was characterized by periods of tension and regression. Obviously, Henry VIII believed in the possibility of destruction the relation with Rome without any changes in church teaching and worship. The king maintained a conservative theology, and in the period from 1532 to 1540 was forced to choose between the radicals, led by Cromwell and the Conservatives, led by the Duke of Norfolk and the Bishop of Winchester by Stephen Gardiner. At first, followed by a period of elevation of radicals, and after the fall of Cromwell in 1540 the Conservatives. Henry tried to act as judge in the competition of the parties, as later in the same century , his daughter Elizabeth maintained her position over the Anglican and Puritan parties. As a consequence, the Reformation in England developed by universal course via media, as nowhere else on the continent, with the possible exception of Sweden. Summing it up I would like to stress that a small portion of society has learned for himself the benefit of the Reformation. These were the new people, the emerging class of capitalists and bureaucrats who have acquired property, without noble birth. As a result of the Reformation there were such large changes in class composition of society, which it hasnt known throughout their history.

Robert Frost?s ?The Road Not Taken Essay example -- essays research pa

Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† can be understood in various ways. The mood, attitude, and mindset of the reader predispose their thoughts towards the poem’s true meaning. The title of the Frost’s poem suggests that it is about decisions and obstacles in life and how people should handle them. Frost is voicing his opinion, saying that whatever path or decision making we make or do, one day, will be the key factor in your future tomorrow and thereafter. Almost every human being experiences life’s bumpy road journey and Frost indicates in his poem that there are never just one single path to take; instead it is like a complex maze. A traveler comes upon "two roads diversified in a yellow wood" (Frost 719 ). Frost indicates that it is a cross road in his life and he must chose one way or another. The option of choosing both roads is not there because it is not possible, so the traveler must decide how he wants to live the remainder of his life and choose that path. The traveler, still deciding on what path to take, states regretfully "...Sorry I could not travel both paths" (Frost 719). This is a prime example of everyday life. It is nearly impossible to look into the future and see the end result of which path to take, and therefore makes it even more difficult of which life path to strive towards. By not seeing the future result in picking one road over another, the traveler wonders what he will be missing out. Frost is e...

The Health Insurance Crisis in America Essay -- Public Policiy Issues

Health insurance comes as second nature to many of us. We grab that blue and white card and put it in our wallet and forget about it until we are sick or injured. When this happens, there it is, cushioning our fall like the extra padding it provided to cushion our wallets. This is not the case with everyone, however. Many Americans have no cushion to fall back on, no blue and white card to show the emergency room when they have an unexpected health concern. No HMO with a convenient co-pay amount when their son or daughter develops an ear infection. Medicine and other health services are expensive without these important conveniences that many people lack. These people have been â€Å"falling through the cracks† in U.S. health care system for years, leaving many citizens wondering: why would our country do this to us? Our great and powerful nation, the United States, a country that much of the world views as the most highly developed nation in the world, is the only industrialized country that does not provide its citizens with universal health care, according to a report by the National Rural Health Association (NRHA 1). Being that we are a capitalist economy, perhaps the government feels it is the duty of the people to make sure they are taken care of. This makes sense, doesn’t it? We are all smart individuals; we can make decisions and take action for ourselves. But what can the individuals do when the cost of insurance and health care is too high for them to handle? In the United States, the answer is nothing. A 2002 census published by the Public Information office showed that there are 41.2 million Americans who do not have health insurance (Bergman). That amounts to a startling 14.6 percent of the population, up from... ...ently, without expensive health insurance, Americans are in a bind. If they cannot afford health insurance, they surely cannot afford the medical bills that will fall upon them should they need to be hospitalized. Every other country in the world that is on the same level as America industrially and developmentally offers universal health care to its citizens. Some Americans are worried about the rise in taxes if the government offers guaranteed care to everyone. The insurance companies will suffer, as well. But the sacrifice is more than worth it. America was founded on the basis of freedom for all. Shouldn’t we all, regardless of income, be free to enjoy as many years of health as we deserve? Sources Cited National Rural Health Association http://www.apa.org/rural/report99.html Lardie, Diane Universal Healthcare Action Network http://www.uhcan.org/

The Argument on the Legalization of Same Sex Marriages Essay -- Papers

The Argument on the Legalization of Same Sex Marriages The argument over the legalization of same sex marriages is rapidly becoming one of the most vigorously advocated reform subjects in recent law review. Being gay and loving someone is not illegal, but uniting that couple in a legal marriage is rejected by most of society in this country. Each state has had to deal with legal issues concerning same sex marriages to some extent. Most supporters of the ban on gay marriages believe that it would be a strong cause of immorality and corruption of the American family. People who do not support same sex marriages believe that it would create an unhealthy family, and could cause serious harm to children in that family, while supporters of same sex marriages believe that they are being denied the benefits such as establishing a right of survivorship, co-partner medical and retirement benefits. It is felt by most homosexuals that these benefits would help create a stronger stability in a long-term relationship. Most of the volunteer and financial support against gay marriage comes from religious groups or churches. ?Catholics, Mormons, and evangelists make up more than 40 percent of California?s population, and raised millions of dollars to pass the amendment.? Same sex marriages are both mentally and physically wrong in the minds of most parishioners. They find the concept immoral because according to the Bible, sex between members of the same sex is strictly prohibited, much less marriage. Proposition 22 was one of many campaigns led by religious conservatives, which prohibits California from allowing marital rights to gay couples who married in another state, and it only recognizes marriages between man and a woman. ... ...iages will also someday in the future be legalized. Bibliography: California Protection of Marriage Initiative. Feb.2000 Online Posting. 11 Nov. 2000 (http://doma.org/purpose.html) Defense of Marriage Act. May 1996 Online Posting. 28 Nov. 2000 (http://reagan.com/HotTopics.main/HotMike/document-5.15.1996.1.html) Lesbian and Gay Marriage Resource Site. April 2000 Online Posting 10 Oct. 2000 (http://grasshopperdesign.com/gay_marriage/news/vt4.htm) DodgeGlobe: The Dodge City Daily Globe-Court grants April. 2000 Online Posting. 8 Oct. 2000 (http://www.dodgegloble.com/stories.122199/nat_rights.shtml) California Bars Gay Marriage Mar. 2000 Online Posting 11 Nov. 2000 (http://abcnews.go.com/onair/CloserLook/wnt_000307_Prop22_feature.html) Stiers, Gretchen A. From This Day Forward St. Martins Press, New York, NY, 1998

Dating Your Best Friend Essay

I ask myself sometimes why now and not then, I think this was how it was meant to be the whole time. We met in first grade and became real good friends right from the start. I remember playing a lot together with our friends. We also lived just across the street from each other so imagine, seeing each other at school and after school play even more outside after our homework was done, it was a great way of spending time together. Unfortunately after first grade, we somehow had to go to different schools, but we still got together after school and played together. It wasn’t until after 4th grade that I moved to a new neighborhood and didn’t see him again until 8th grade. We saw each other and recognized one another and again we became inseparable. We had a few classes together and we were always partners whenever we were assigned to grab a partner. Also that same school year, all the rumors started; that we liked each other, we were going to end up going out, we were always together and so on. I did think about it but we were just fourteen year olds who had no age and no intention of dating. We were the best of friends in middle school and kept going strong. Our high school years came real quick as we kept on growing up together and watching each other blossom into young adults. We were still the best friends ever, and the same rumors still kept going around. We somehow managed to have classes together which were very good for the both of us because we never wanted to be apart. We still had no intention of going out, because we didn’t want to break that wonderful friendship we had made and kept for so long. It wasn’t until Valentine’s Day of freshman year when I started feeling a little something for him. He sent me a valentine with the following message â€Å"Happy Valentine’s Day! Thanks for being an awesome friend! † I thought at that moment â€Å"Oh, friend† but I let it slide because I felt it was not a big deal. Sophomore year rolled around, we were still the best friends ever, and the rumors and gossip continued. We had classes together again, nothing special happened until the very end of that school year. We were saying goodbye to each other and we hugged, but we hugged each other for a while. I honestly felt that â€Å"spark† between us. I thought he felt the same (he told me later on that he did). We parted ways and kept in touch a bit in the summer, and didn’t see each other again until next year, junior year. That year I couldn’t hide what I felt for him, I was actually becoming more and more in love with him. I can tell he was also falling for me as well. It’s one of those things a girl can tell without being told anything. We were still the best of friends, and the rumors were still going (I was very surprised, yet a bit amused). This year was different because we’re now sixteen/ seventeen and had grown up more. Yes we were inseparable, but those feelings were becoming more noticeable to everyone except to one another. Yet nothing happened and we were still the best of friends. Senior year was a big year for us; it was the last year that we might be together. My feelings for him were now stronger than ever, I wanted to be more that friends, but for some reason he always seemed to avoid me and not talk at all. I don’t know why, I was hoping for him to say something to me, since I had heard from many that he actually did love me. But nothing happened, so I gave up on him in that aspect of us. I had revealed to one of my good friends that I did love Isaac and wanted more. He revealed to that same person that he loved me too. I found out from her and I went to talk to him, he immediately got upset and denied everything. With that being said I also denied everything because I thought to myself that was his chance and he blew it. We got really mad at each other and said â€Å"we are friends and that is it†. We didn’t stay mad for that long; we got back to talking again. I decided to date a guy that year; it was going well until I saw Isaac. He saw us holding hands, I saw his face turn red with anger, and just walked away upset. I knew it upset him but I had no idea why, we had settled on being best friends. We still enjoyed all the senior activities like prom, boat trip, and finally graduation. We both graduated and saw each other for what could be the last time. He was going off to college and I was staying home. After those four years in high school we proved everyone wrong about going out with each other, or at least that’s what we thought. Time passed and I had broken up with my high school boyfriend and I started dating another guy here at ECC for a few months. I never heard from Isaac once during that time, I was a bit upset but I didn’t pay attention to it. It wasn’t until February 12 that I was on Facebook and I got talking with Isaac again via chat that night. We were talking and asked about my boyfriend, I told him I didn’t have one and that I had given up on guys for the moment. We kept talking and talking and then I asked him â€Å"For April Fool’s we should put as our status that we’re going out†. It took him a few minutes to say â€Å"Why not actually make it a reality? † I was shocked! I swear at that moment I had an instant flashback of our childhood all the way through high school. I had waited for so long for that moment that I said yes, it also took me a while to respond back. At that moment he confessed that he had loved me since the end of sophomore year when we said goodbye to each other. I was so happy that everything went the way it did. Unfortunately he was away at school and I wouldn’t see him until our one month anniversary when he came home. I didn’t mind, I did not wait all that time in high school for us to finally be together as a couple and not have the relationship work. We changed our Facebook status that we were officially a couple. It was an explosion of â€Å"It’s about time! †, â€Å"I knew it! †, and â€Å"I told you it would happen eventually! † We didn’t care though because we were just happy that our dream had finally come true. A month passed and it was our one month anniversary. We went out to dinner and had an amazing time together. That same night he took me to his home and I met his entire family. Since then me and his family have gotten along very well and we are practically like family. We definitely enjoyed that week together but he had to go back and I wouldn’t see him until May. My birthday came along and it happened to fall on a Saturday, which was nice because I planned to have a party. Isaac drove all the way home just for my birthday and surprised me. He called me before and said that he had sent a present. Then at around five in the afternoon he called and said that my gift has arrived and I had to open the door, sure enough it was him with a bouquet of flowers. I cried of joy, no one had ever done something like that for me. It was an awesome way to celebrate my birthday. The relationship has been going very well, and I’m positive that it will continue to stay like that. It just comes to show that that myth about how dating your best friend is bad isn’t always true. It can happen to anyone, and yes it doesn’t work out for some people, but in my case it worked out for the better. As I said before, I don’t think we were meant to be best friends, just something more.

Human Rights Essay

tender Rights argon those comelys that ar deemed to belong to resolely told individuals by virtue of their charit adequateity 1. Previously, these rights were referred to as the rights of man or natural rights. Because of this, gracious rights argon ascribed to all told homoeeity disregardless of their citizenship or nationality. The human rights doctrine sack, in this respect, come into call for conflict with opposite doctrines of the sovereignty of an early(a)(prenominal) establishments in the ball, and the law, because of the catholicity that has led to the pursuit of the agenda of human rights at stages of international co-op durationtion in the era of post war2.The serviceman Rights strike has construct a lot of divided opinion. final payment has risen in Britain as whether to annihilate the human strain Rights specify believe, (herein aft(prenominal) referred to as the HRA), address it or whether it should be replaced altogether with the British human beings Rights (Hereinafter referred to BHR)3. Repealing the HRA refers to abolishing or evoking the act altogether bit extending it entrust imply that, this displace could full point on longer with forbidden being lifted or lavatorycelled by the British disposal.In Britain, whatever fundamental individual licenses ar today cheered by the adult male Rights trifle of 1998 which requires all the Britain law to accomp all the European formula of 1950 on charit equal to(p) Rights (hereinafter The ECHR) and which alike grades it possible for the concourse to be practiceable in all the British royal courts and put ons it mandatory for the Judiciary to interpret the topical anaesthetic law so that it complies with the convention4. The act came into population all over ten years and it seeks to cheer the individual rights of wad and has had a haunting impact in m some(prenominal) field of their private and in the public eye(predicate) lives.The HR coordi nated the ECHR into the British law and and soce make it unlawful for whatsoever Public carcass or officer to act or be get down in stylus which is discordant with the convention5. The 1998 HRA made the ECHR to be part and dowry of the British National truth. Before that, the courts were simply allowed to take the ECHR in very unornamented circumstances during domestic proceedings6. just, section 19 of the exploit made it mandatory for all future polity to contain compatibility with the ECHR.The benignant Rights motion was in 1998 hailed to be a landmark statute and has raise a lot of controversy and misconception. The HRA of 1998 has brought some certain elements into the movemented system of Britain close the world Rights of the European convention. In this round, the British Courts be required to uphold and drill the ECHR in each and every stopping point that they make. This convention was bumped to safeguard against the greening of Nazism and the vi ndication of the rights it sought to shelter after the Second World contend7.The holds which be contained in the world Rights Convention make kn testify among differents the right to emotional state which is contained in hold 2, bar of extort of human beings which is contained in Article 3, the prohibition of constrained fag and slavery which is contained in Article 4, the right to security and license which is contained in Article 5, the right to a fair and just trial which is contained in obligate six, the prohibiting of extra legal punishment which is contained in denomination s in time, the right to respect of the private family life of individuals which is contained in Article eight and the exemption of conscience, thought and religion which is contained in name nine. The convention as advantageously as spells fall forth the liberty of self expression that is found in Article 10 and the freedom of tie beam and assembly that is all the mien depicted in ar ticle el stock-still. The right to marriage and the prohibition of discrimination be contained in articles xii and fourteen respectively 8.The legal ripe approach of human rights that binds the brasss to this minute arose from the join Nations Declaration on valet de chambre rights in 1948 which internationally developed a unconsecrated agreement on the rights of the human kind to provide the means through with(predicate) which the want of the governments of the world could be able to clog the recurrence of atrocities which were root forted in WWII through setting of a special K timeworn for all heap and states 9. Should we get up the HRA? The military man Rights process should be repealed because it undermines the sovereignty of Britain as an independent state and on that pointfore it should non be governed by laws from external sources. assumption the fact that Britain is an independent coun drive having its suffer laws and constitution to guide it in whatever undertakings that concerns it, there is no withdraw for it to collective the ECHR since its laws piss articles concerning the human rights. There is pick discover to repeal the humankind Rights coiffure because the kind-hearted Rights can well be cover under the British shoot down of Rights 10..The military personnel Rights make should be repealed because it has undermined the authority of fantan and given the judge the ability to complete any declarations of incompatibility except these judges live no empowerment to decrease down any laws which ar clashing scarce quite, it is the government which must make a determination as to how to resolve to any declaration. By repealing the HRA, the British government could sacrifice been empowered to make decisions touch Britain to solely remain in Britain and by so doing, a culture of self independence entrust be created and this go away enable the British citizens to bang their rights alongside the rights of th e ordinary citizens in Britain 11.There are those who argue that the HRA should not be repealed simply instead, it should be directly incorporated into the British law. This is because, given the fact that there is overlook of a codified constitution which sets out the citizens rights, the British doctrine for the sovereignty of parliament cannot provide enough security measure for the rights of individuals from a government which is intrusive. The HRA can thusly ensure that all these are achieved12. Repealing of the HRA would make the laws under it to be under the inhibit of the Judges in Britain. By so doing, a complicated legal bit could be created and this could lead to threatening of the protection that is currently provided in the European Law on human beings Rights.The humankind Rights be should thus neer be repealed or replaced with the British accounting of Rights notwithstanding instead, it should be all-encompassing. This is because the British Courts are a catcher of preventing the infringement of the fundamental rights and as much(prenominal), they educational activity a great respect from the planetary public 13. Should we extend the HRA? The HRA should not be prolonged because it forces the government of Britain to obey the ECHR yet it has its own laws which it is supposed to protect to defend its sovereignty. Forcing an independent country to obey outside rules is like colonization and therefore it should not be broaden because it infringes on the freedom of Britain as an independent country.The HRA should not be blanket(a) by the British regime because it does not guide with big issues of discrimination, torture or slavery and early(a) things which are restricted largely to another(prenominal) countries and of which it is also responsible for the very down to reason principles of the right to privacy, food, housing, equality, health and freedom of speech. The HRA does not reaffirm these obligations in a liveently way that individuals can be able to forget and seek to set them in history and in st wizard14. The Human rights typify should be extended because it is a very important piece of economy which has so elevatemost been issued by the British Government 15. The bend bequeath make all the British People to be beginner with the fact that all batch are born with obligations which require them to treat other human beings with dignity and in a way which they also expect to be treated. This dignity is therefore not well-nigh philosophy or religion just a matter of consideration for other people and common decency.For Britain to redress the balance, consequently it depart not be roaring for it alone, but for the society and a world which bases itself on the respect of human rights to put in so that the continued struggle aimed at adjusting the current attitudes and explaining to other individuals why there is requirement to respect other people can be achieved. The Human Rights function should therefore be extended so that these ideals are realized16. But contrary to this, the HRA should be extended because it does not go outlying(prenominal) enough and therefore gives numerous states chances in the Human Rights Convention for the governments to opt out of some certain readinesss for the sake of their national security.On the contrary, the human Rights stage should not be extended because it could subject matter some poor citizens of Britain to punishment as a allow of having to travel far in search of justice in a foreign court other than pursuance justice inwardly the topical anaesthetic courts available in their resident country. The further extension of the Human Rights dally in Britain is therefore a blow to the common citizens of Britain 17. The HRA should not be replaced by the British heyday of Rights so that the British parliament cannot be able to abolish the HRA in the same way they do to the other laws. Currently, the HRA has got no privileged send in the British Law and therefore, it can easy be changed in the constitution without the need for special procedures 18. If it is incorporated into the British turn on of Rights (hereinafter the BBR), it go forth become touchy for anyone to slowly change it to suit his or her circumstances.The HRA should never be replaced with the British metre of Rights as suggested by some of the conservatives like David Cameron but it should instead be extended so that that a culture of impunity cannot be created by the government. Calls by the democrats that the Human Rights sham should never be repealed should therefore be never be supported. Instead, the Human Rights feat should be replaced by the British notation of Rights so that the people of Britain can be able to reaffirm their independence by having their own domestic laws to govern them other than relying on international laws. 19. On the other hand, swapping the HRA with the BBR can be a sure way of restoring the responsibility for the balancing act to politicians in Britain which the normal public can substantially elect or boot out according to their preferences.Indeed, the establishment of the BBR will make the British government to have domineering power as a result of the rediscovered freedom which will positively develop democracy in and justice in the country. Should we replace the HRA with the BBR? The Human Rights subprogram should be replaced with a Bill of Rights because this Act is a means through which some part of Human Rights contained in the European Convention are brought into the British Law books. The HRA clearly sets out the responsibilities of the people of Britain as a society since with any form of legislation different people would often try to seek interpreting of its content to take on their own selfish ends.In essence, such people will popularly blow up shouting about the trampling and encroachment of human rights in any campaign the other channels ar e played out but funnily enough, this is possible because of the real principle which is enacted in the Human Rights Act itself20. Some people argue that the HRA should not be replaced with the British Bill of Rights so that rogue politicians are tamed by laws which are universally established and recognized. addicted the fact that the decisions will remain in the country and not subject to laws from outside, it will create more room for graft to exist and develop roots since people who make major decisions about human rights are located in one specific county. Attempts to replace the HRA with the British Bill of Rights should be discarded because it could be pernicious to the British people.People are authorise towards voicing their opinions if they feel there is rapine of their human rights. The Act therefore, remains the scoop for delivering justice to all people without any fear or favor 21. The HRA should be extended because it gives the British people the legal rights to stand up and be counted and should not be discounted like any other politically correct set of legislation. For the British people to unwrap clear the Human Rights Act at its infancy, so they have to be aware that they have rights to agnise what their law makers do on their behalf and not solely rely on the media for the recital of the law decisions since they can easily be outraged by head melodic phrases which are alike sensational.Since all the British people are members of their respective societies, then they have to tally with them responsibilities along with the rights because it is their responsibility to know that as much as they may be incensed with the headlines, they are the same laws which protect them as individuals and as a federation 22 The British government should therefore not diminish the Human Rights Act but instead better look and appreciate it. There should be no retreat over the Human Rights Act and its critics should be brought on board to understa nd the benefits it fetchs the country. The Human Rights Act should be extended because the creation of the British Bill of Rights will not make it possible for the internalisation and signifiers on the British obligations which are incorporated in the ECHR. This is because once the laws are enshrined in the British Law, then all the Human Rights Act could have totally been overhauled and replaced by the British Bill of Rights.Rather than the British government seeks to diminish or repeal the Human Rights Act, it should instead extend it and commit itself full to the ECHR23. The British government should also be aware that by seeking to swap the HRA with the BBR, then they could have undecided up room for the creation of probatory legal problems which would arise as a result of reduction of any of the protections which are guaranteed and contained under the ECHR. The HRA should not be repealed because in any case it was to be repealed, and then it will not make any major differe nce because even if the parliament repeals it, the Courts can, by themselves, decide to carry out it anyway. check to the President of the Supreme Court in Britain, no great impact could be achieved if parliament chose to repeal the Human Rights Act because to him, the Act has already achieved the Constitutional Statutes which shew them very impossible to repeal24. The Human Rights Act 1998 should be upheld and even be extended because it has changed the constitutional role of the British Courts as far as domestic legislation is concerned since all legislation in Britain must now be fully interpreted in accordance with the rights contained in the European convention. The implementation of the Human Rights Act has therefore changed the way the constitution has evolved and also changed the roles of the judiciary.This is because the judiciary has adapted so as to incorporate the HRA25. The Human Rights Act should be repealed or replaced by the British Bill of Rights since it is clear that in circumstances where it is difficult to interpret legislation in line with the European Community on Human Rights convention, then the British law will be given prevalence over the contravention. The Human Rights Act should be re-branded into the British Bill of Rights because it can n change the publics perception26. This is true up because it is Acts text that critics of the Human Rights are against and they are against the public bodies the decisions by the courts that people do not like.We should therefore, repeal or even substitute the HRA with the BBR before it even survives the stage of adolescence because the politicians who are very well known for permitting internment on a yearly basis cannot be trusted to build on the existing freedoms and rights but instead, they will aim at destroying the same27. The Human Rights Acts of 1998 which incorporated the ECHR into British law should not be repealed or even be replaced by the BBR because it gives the citizens statut ory rights to enable them enforce their Human Rights in any Court in Britain 28. These rights were brought home by the consolidation of the ECHR, and therefore, made it easier for British Citizens to access them locally in their national courts. The incorporation of these conventions into the British laws therefore, not only provided a detonating device but also a storey for human rights.The Human Rights Act should be extended because it gives parliament the freedom to produce the rights for instance by a freedom of information Act which is contained in article 40. The British citizens were very privileged after the full implementation of the Human Rights Act in the year 2000 because they were able to ask their rights under legislation in a British Court rather than in Strasbourg where the final arbiter on interpretation of the convention of the ECHR is located. It should therefore, be noted that the sole reason of introducing the HRA in Britain was actually to bring the righ ts home to the people of Britain29. The Human Rights Act should not be extended because it does not in any way create young human rights or take away any existing human rights.Instead, the HRA deliver the advantageouslysed the devastation that was caused by the World War II and aimed at protecting the primary freedoms and rights of the British people. The HRA seeks to enable the British Citizens to enforce their human rights locally in the courts in the UK without necessarily taking their cases to Strasbourg through provision of easier and better access to rights which currently exist. On the hand, extending the Human Rights Act is beneficial for the British people because those people who are against it have been known to have moral remissness and ignorance of the law. This is because the Human Rights Act empowers people to bring forward their interests.The human Rights Act should be upheld and extended because it belongs to all the human kind on account of their humanities an d not base on the membership of the narrower patternifications like ethnicity, class or citizenship. Unlike the British Bill of Rights which may tend to exclude by definition the non-citizens of a country from its protection, the Human Rights Act seeks to protect every human being regardless of where one comes from, the tegument color, age or gender. Individuals like the undocumented employees, a single mum who loses all her benefits and the inmates in Guantanamo Bay actually overlook the state or law which can protect them. For such people to enjoy the benefits of humanity and the rights associated with it, passing of a new British Bill of rights or care the initial Human Rights Act adds zip to their lives30.The HRA should not be extended because it does not enlarge the remedies or rights of people in the United dry land whose rights in the convention have been violated but instead it enables those remedies and rights to be enforced and asserted by the domestic courts in Bri tain and not by recourse in Strasbourg. The Act should be extended because since its implementation, it has had a great deal of positive influence on the British Courts and therefore led to substantial proceeds on the quality of public memorial tablet by the Executive, the public bodies, the Judges and the parliament in general. The replacement of the Human Rights Act by the British Bill of Rights will compromise the quality of these public governing body institutions31.The Human Rights Act should not be repealed because it could lead to the prevention of the United Kingdom citizens from exercising their fundamental rights in the UK Courts and therefore leading to prolonged delays for the citizens who would be forced to present their appeals to the European Community on Human Rights in Strasbourg in put in to assert their rights. The HRA should be replaced by the BBR as suggested by the British government which pointed out that they may build on the HRA to build a British Bill o f Duties and rights. However such an attempt by the government is prone to bring success because of questions that have been elevated in relation with these proposals. Among the questions that have been raised are whether there exist things like the rights for the British people or the British rights and how such rights can in effect operate within the framework of decadence to Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.Questions have also been raised as to whether there should be any inclusion of the economic and social rights within the British Bill of rights. The Human Rights Act should therefore be left the way it is and never be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because it could lead to so many another(prenominal) legal complications in Britain32. The Human Rights Act should not be replaced into British Human Rights because the Bill of Rights could bring in ideas of fashioning some of the additional rights in the Bill of Rights to be justifiable and therefore devising the j udiciary to further expand its ground of influence on issues which could be better handled by the parliamentarians.The HRA should not be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because there is a lot of confusion which has continued to reign as to whether the New Bill of Rights would comfortably sit alongside the Human Rights Act or it would be a direct replacement of the Human Rights Act. Instead of having ii documents which would be unhelpful to the people it will be preferable to have a single document (the Human Rights Act) which adds to the ECHR33. The Human Rights Act should be repealed or even be replaced by the British Bill of Rights depending on the public good because it was enacted by parliament in 1998 and should therefore be fully discussed to determine whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The British government should therefore place its decoct on the human rights as a way of justifying and improving the official decision make rather than automaticall y making it to become a legal issue.In cases where the public authorities feel the need to tamper with the individual human rights, then must have genuine motives and follow fair and just procedures. In addition, the Act should not be repealed or be replaced by the British Bill of Rights because it is good for the British people. What needs to be do is to improve education about the Human Rights Act among the public to ensure that it occupies a more strategic position in schools and colleges. This is the right time to sell the true values of the Human Rights Act to the general public, something that has never been done after the Act became effective. By so doing, the public would be in a better position to be informed as to whether to repeal the Human Rights Act, repeal it or extend it34.People who support the HRA rgue that it should be extended because it is the safe and sure channel of swelled protection to the marginalized and most vulnerable members of any society. They claim that anyone who is in Britain for any reason is entitled towards fundamental human rights which the public and the government are duly and legally obliged to obey and respect. This is because the Human Rights Act of 1998 made them to become law. Similarly, the Act should be extended because the rights contained in the convention not only deals with matters of death and life but also affects the rights possesses by people in their everyday life reflected in what they do, secernate and their beliefs.