The History of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The History of Advertising - Essay Example This essay "The history of advertising" outlines the changes in the advertisement in course of times and its future. Advertising today is totally integrated with the term marketing, that it has become an activity similar to mass selling. In this respect it has to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, like propaganda, publicity and public relations. The techniques of advertising range in complexity from the publishing of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the integrated marketing communications, involving the concerned use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television and radio and on the internet as well as direct response, sales promotion and other communications vehicles in the course of a single campaign. From its humble beginnings in the ancient times, advertising had grown into a worldwide industry, with billions of dollars spent every year to influence the purchase of products and services. New age advertising Advertising has also changed not only in spending but by its nature, scope and components over the years. The channels (media), research, techniques of persuasion, industry structure, economic and social effects and regulation are the factors that have contributed to its change over the years. Today advertising messages are disseminated through numerous channels. The television, newspapers, direct mail, radio, yellow pages, magazines, business publications, outdoor advertising and farm publications were the traditional channels. But miscellaneous media such as window displays, free shopping news publications, calendars, blimps, sky writing by airplanes, sandwich boards carried by people walking the streets, delivery trucks painted with product messages, wrapping paper and shopping bags etc are employed to reach the advertisements to the potential buyers. The new information age has contributed the advertising industry with its new channels like the internet, gleaming with pop-up messages and e-mail alerts; the mobile phones with the SMS messages and the net savvy gadgets that download the entertainment along with the ad promos. Research is another factor that has contributed to the growth of the sector. It was only possible to approximate the effectiveness of various advertising a century ago. Today prospective advertisers were guided almost solely by estimates of magazine and newspaper readership. Advertising and market research has become so much sophisticated that advertisers and agencies frequently conduct extensive and expensive surveys to determine the potential acceptance of products or services before they are advertised nationally at costs that may amount to millions of dollars. Techniques of persuasion has also changed, most of them circumscribed only by the ingenuity of the creative mind, the limits of various channels of communication, by certain legal restrictions and by the standards self imposed by the industry. Modern advertising employs an astonishing variety of persuaders. Among these are humorous and entertaining television and radio commercials, appeals to the sense of smell by use of perfumed ink on paper, endorsements of products by celebrities, appeals to parents to give their children a better life and future, appeals to children to 'ask mommy' to buy certain break fast cereals and the controversial use of 'scare copy'. The advertising industry has also changed. Today we see a great transition from the old space brokerage to the new age big-budget

Energy Conversion System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Energy Conversion System - Assignment Example (a) Determine the non-dimensional expressions and . [8 marks] Solution: There are 6 variables involved in the problem: velocity , density , viscosity , surface tension , diameter is and acceleration . Choose the three recurring variables: velocity , density and diameter . From Buckingham pi theorem we have non-dimensional groups. The choice of velocity , density and diameter as the repeating variables satisfies: They are measurable, good design parameters and in combination, contain all the dimension and . We form the three groups according to the 2nd theorem. As the groups are all dimensionless, there must have dimensions such as: , we can use the principle of dimensional homogeneity to equate the dimensions for each group. For the first group, In terms of dimensions, we have that: Thus, we have the following linear system: For For For The solutions for is given as: Giving as And a similar procedure is followed for the other groups. Thus, we have the following linear system: For For For The solutions for is given as: Giving as Finally the group: Thus, we have the following linear system: For For For The solutions for is given as: Giving as Thus the problem may be described by the following function of three non-dimensional groups, We take into account that any dimensionless group may be raised to any power and it is still a valid group. Furthermore, the reciprocal of any dimensionless group is valid, too. We concluded that: Finally the non-dimensional expressions and are: Pay attention that the group obeys manipulation rules of equivalence. Remember that: Velocity : Density : Viscosity : Surface tension : Distance : Acceleration : [] (b) Comment on the physical significance of the non-dimensional numbers formed. [6 marks] Solution: The non-dimensional expressions found for and were: The non-dimensional number given by: is the so-called Reynolds number: The Reynolds number is a non-dimensional number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. This parameter correlates the viscous behavior of all Newtonian fluids. In fluid dynamic engineer should do estimate of the Reynolds number range of the flow under study. Very low indicates viscous creeping motion, where inertia effects are negligible. Moderate implies a smoothly varying laminar flow. High probably spells turbulent flow, which is slowly varying in the time-mean but has superimposed strong random high-frequency fluctuations. The non-dimensional number given by: is the so-called Weber number: It is a non-dimensional number useful for analyzing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids. The Weber number is the ratio between the inertial force and the surface tension force. Since the Weber number represents an index of the inertial force to the surface tension force acting on a fluid element, it can be useful analyzing thin films flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles. Question 2 (a) Two vessels are connected by a pipe in whic h there is a valve. One vessel of contains nitrogen at and , and the other of contains helium at and . The valve is opened and the two gases are allowed to mix. Assuming the system is well insulated, calculate (i) the final temperature of the mixture [8 marks] Solution: The amount of energy given off by the warmer gas equals the amount