What Redshift Reveals About an Object

When stargazers look up at the night sky, they see light. Its an essential part of the universe that has traveled across great distances. That light, formally called electromagnetic radiation, contains a treasury of information about the object it came from, ranging from its temperature to its motions. Astronomers study light in a technique called spectroscopy. It allows them to dissect it down to its wavelengths to create whats called a spectrum. Among other things, they can tell if an object is moving away from us. They use a property called a redshift to describe the motion of an objects moving away from each other in space. Redshift occurs when an object emitting electromagnetic radiation recedes from an observer. The light detected appears redder than it should be because it is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. Redshift is not something anyone can see. Its an effect that astronomers measure in light by studying its wavelengths.   How Redshift Works An object (usually called the source) emits or absorbs electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength or set of wavelengths. Most stars give off a wide range of light, from visible to infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, and so on. As the source moves away from the observer, the wavelength appears to stretch out or increase. Each peak is emitted farther away from the previous peak as the object gets recedes. Similarly, while the wavelength increases (gets redder) the frequency, and therefore the energy, decreases. The faster the object recedes, the greater its redshift. This phenomenon is due to the doppler effect. People on Earth are familiar with Doppler shift in pretty practical ways. For example, some of the most common applications of the doppler effect (both redshift and blueshift) are police radar guns. They bounce signals off of a vehicle and the amount of redshift or blueshift tells an officer how fast its going. Doppler weather radar tells forecasters how fast a storm system is moving. The use of Doppler techniques in astronomy follows the same principles, but instead of ticketing galaxies, astronomers use it to learn about their motions.   The way astronomers determine redshift (and blueshift) is to use an instrument called a spectrograph (or spectrometer) to look at the light emitted by an object. Tiny differences in the spectral lines show a shift toward the red (for redshift) or the blue (for blueshift). If the differences show a redshift, it means the object is receding away. If theyre blue, then the object is approaching. The Expansion of the Universe In the early 1900s, astronomers thought that the entire universe was encased inside our own  galaxy, the Milky Way. However, measurements made of other galaxies, which were thought to be simply nebulae inside our own, showed they were really  outside of the Milky Way. This discovery was made by astronomer Edwin P. Hubble, based on measurements of variable stars by another astronomer named  Henrietta Leavitt.   Furthermore, redshifts (and in some cases blueshifts) were measured for these galaxies, as well as their distances. Hubble  made the startling discovery that the farther away a galaxy is, the greater its redshift appears to us. This correlation is now known as Hubbles Law. It helps astronomers define the expansion of the universe.   It also shows that the farther away objects are from us, the faster they are receding. (This is true in the broad sense, there are local galaxies, for instance, that are moving towards us due to the motion of our Local Group.)   For the most part, objects in the universe are receding away from each other and that motion can be measured by analyzing their redshifts. Other Uses of Redshift in Astronomy Astronomers can use redshift to determine the motion of the Milky Way. They do that by measuring the Doppler shift of objects in our galaxy. That information reveals how other stars and nebulae are moving in relation to Earth. They can also measure the motion of very distant galaxies — called high redshift galaxies.   This is a rapidly growing field of astronomy. It focuses not just on galaxies, but also on other other objects, such as the sources of  gamma-ray bursts. These objects have a very high redshift, which means they are moving away from us at tremendously high velocities. Astronomers assign the letter z to redshift. That explains why sometimes a story will come out that says a galaxy has a redshift of z1 or something like that. The earliest epochs of the universe lie at a z of about 100.   So, redshift also gives astronomers a way to understand how far away things are in addition to how fast they are moving.   The study of distant objects also gives astronomers a snapshot of the state of the universe some 13.7 billion years ago. Thats when cosmic history began with the Big Bang. The universe not only appears to be expanding since that time, but its expansion is also accelerating. The source of this effect is dark energy,  a not-well-understood part of the universe. Astronomers using redshift to measure cosmological (large) distances​ find that the acceleration has not always been the same throughout cosmic history. The reason for that change is still not known and this effect of dark energy remains an intriguing area of study in cosmology (the study of the origin and evolution of the universe.) Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Essay on The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was first published in1886, which was in the Victorian era. Dr Jekyll was a scientist who went too far in his experiments. He found a formula for a potion, which when drunk could separate his dual persona into good and pure evil. The formula not only affected him mentally but physically also. The evil side went by the name Edward Hyde, and he did terrible things, he trampled a little girl and even murdered someone by the name of Sir Danvers Carew. There was no apparent reason for Hyde to murder him; Mr Carew simply†¦show more content†¦Stevenson seemed to use Darwins theory in the transformation of Jekyll to Hyde, in the sense that Hyde is more Ape like than man. Although another reason for the novella causing such a sensation may have been it was simply an exciting read. This is because it is going beyond life as we know it, it shows us a drug that not only affects you mentally but physically too. This brings a sense of science fiction to the book. It tries to show us what would happen if we could go a stage further in science. Victorian England was a very dark time in history, rich people lived in big, posh houses, whereas the less wealthy lived down back alleys in smaller untidy buildings. Middle class men in Victorian times were very good they didnt go down to the pub for a booze up they wouldnt talk about sex, instead they would come home when they had finished work to see their wives. This could be a reason why the novella caused such a sensation, because Hyde was evil, he trampled a little girl he committed murder and this was very unusual for someone like Henry Jekyll to want to do. England was covered in a mix between fog and smoke, which was later called smog. This was described in all the back alley, mysterious, something bad is about to happen, parts of the novella. An example of something that happens in this type of setting is the murder ofShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelgan ger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards t he end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of this broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Personas of Henry Jekyll Every person is born with bright and dark personas that people moderate due to the standards of society. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll and Hyde battle for the power to stay alive in the story. As Jekyll continues to try and take over his evil persona, Hyde tries to stay alive and cause evil in the world. In our society, many people will struggle with self control and Dr. Jekyll has trouble controlling his alter ego by performing his evil pleasuresRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1326 Words   |  6 Pages The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published during the late Victorian era, but he clearly brings into question the acceptance of Victorian philosophies, especially the belief that one truth exists and that we can identify good and evil as separate entities. The names Jekyll and Hyde have become synonymous with multiple personality disorder. This novel can be examined from the natural dualism and Freud’s structural th eory of the mind. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr

Communications - 1510 Words

Paraphrasing Practice Decriminalization of Marijuana Author: Lucia Pizzo Throughout the early 2000s, many states decriminalized marijuana. Levels of decriminalization varied with regard to the amount of marijuana in possession and whether the drug was for personal use, cultivation, or distribution. By 2010, marijuana had been at least partially decriminalized in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin. In Alaska and Massachusetts possessing one ounce of marijuana was deemed legal. Various groups supported decriminalization and pushed for state†¦show more content†¦In the case of NORML v. Bell, n117 the plaintiffs who opposed statutes criminalizing marijuana offered evidence of studies that dispelled many of the myths about the drug. n118 For example, marijuana is not a narcotic, not physically addictive, is [*310] generally not a stepping stone to harder, more serious drugs, nor does it cause aggressive behavior or insanity Despite these facts dispelling the theory that marijuana is extremely harmful to ones health, adverse findings still exist that raise important questions about marijuana use. n120 Smoking marijuana may contribute to lung disorders in the same way as tobacco, especially because marijuana smoke contains more tar, which can impair the lungs with heavy, long-term use. n121 There is also evidence that marijuana may lower levels of testosterone in males, may impair the functioning of the immune system, and may affect the cardiovascular system by accelerating the heart rate. n122 While proponents of decriminalization possess strong arguments in favor of their position, and can prove that marijuana is no longer the Devils Weed it was once thought to be, its long-term effects are still in question. n123 This explains why the drugShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Communication : Communication And Communication1345 Words   |  6 PagesHANDBOOK UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION METHODS OF COMMUNICATION INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS HOW TO OVERCOME COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS THE DO’S AND DO NOT’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION HOW TO LISTEN EFFECTIVELY CONTENT PERTINENT TO SPORT STUDIES SYLLABUS SHELL PORTFOLIO EXIT EXAM STUDY GUIDES 3 AND 4 YEAR PLANS FOR MAJORS WRITTEN COMMUNICATION CHECKLIST ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK TheRead MoreCommunication Is The Science Of Communication1066 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is important to strive in life, as well as, in integrated marketing communication. Human communication is described as having the creativity to contribute instead of the information. Creativity can help by making more efficiently with less. In a way, an individual has a collection of discoveries at their disposal (Downs, 1298). Mass communication plays a role in design. Moreover, mass communication and its activities are influenced by cybernetics. Cybernetics is the science of communicationRead MoreCommunication As A Communication Tool1043 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to the Topic The assigned reading for forum 5 discussed interpersonal and organizational communication channels in the workplace. The different types of communication are oral communication, formal written communication, non-verbal communication, and presentations. Satterlee (2013) shows the communication process to involve a sender, a receiver, meaning, encoding, the message transmittal, a channel, decoding, interpreting, and feedback. A successful leader will be able to communicateRead MoreCommunication And Human Communication1131 Words   |  5 PagesHumans, by nature, are social beings. Communication has been a part of people’s everyday lives long before conventional language, which are gestural and vocal, was even created. The first uniquely human forms of communication were pointing and pantomiming (Tomasello 2). These forms then have gradually evolved through the means of technology. Technology is known as the practical application of scientific knowledge in order to pro-duce goods and to provide services. This is one of the most powerfulRead MoreCommunication and Personality in Communication1434 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY IN NEGOTIATION PAPER Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper MGT/445 University of Phoenix Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper Negotiation can take place anywhere and at anytime. Negotiations can take place at home, at work, with family members, with friends, and co-workers. â€Å"Negotiation is a process by which we attempt to influence others to help us achieve our needs while at the same time takingRead MoreReflection Of Communication And Communication1152 Words   |  5 Pages The first resources that I’ve learned from this course are using the multiple job websites online, we’ve had excellent communication between classmates on how we can benefit from using these sites out and look for specific jobs in our area. This will assist in work as a counselor because it will help in my networking about the city I currently work in and learning about how to make my resume stick out. The second fact that I’ve learned in this course is finding balance in your life so that youRead MoreCommunication Is The Language Of Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"The art of com munication is the language of leadership.† Communication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are notRead MoreInterpersonal Communication, Intercultural Communication And Communication1699 Words   |  7 PagesMy friend Vikas, told me everything he had to do and the struggles he conquered in order to make his own successful business here in the U.S. Some things he told be reminded me of interpersonal communication, intercultural communication, and intracultural communication. He had to have a lot of communication with his friend who also happened to be from India and some new friends and colleagues he met through his journey. Of course there was homesickness and the occasional depression, but that didn’tRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Of Communication1966 Words   |  8 Pages Communication Breakdowns â€Å"Effective communication is only 7 percent verbal and 93 percent non-verbal (the non-verbal is 55 percent body language and 38 percent tone of voice)† (Communication). There have been several compelling articles written by scholarly authors based on communication; a few examples of these literary works would be: â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation,† and â€Å"The Ways We Lie.† When there are communication problems in any relationship, it will typically cause substantialRead MoreQuestions On Communication And Communication1815 Words   |  8 Pages1. Analysis 1.1 Communication Talking about communication involves talking about the identity of the person talking as a communicative being therefore about his right to communicate. In other words, for every subject speaking, the question is to know whether or not it makes sense for them to do so. If not, they would not exist as a subject. Sometimes norms, more or less institutionalized, help answering that question: for example, a lecturer presented as so in a conference finds himself entitled

Scavenger Hunt - 1092 Words

University of Phoenix Material Center for Writing Excellence Scavenger Hunt For each of the questions below you should look at both the Center for Writing Excellence and the University of Phoenix Writing and Style Guidelines. Submit your responses to the following questions: (HINT: Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples documdented in the Tutorials and Guides section, as well as the Sample Paper and the Library link.) 1. If more than one author is listed, must all authors be listed in the citation? Yes 1. Is the author’s full name used in the References page entry? No 2. If no year is listed for an in-text citation, what should be listed? (n.d.) 3. What is the minimum information needed for an†¦show more content†¦| | |Fit to Window |Stretches your paper to fit the viewing area. Depending on your computer’s | | | |screen settings, this sometimes makes things easier to see. | | |Normal |Switches to the Normal view. | | |Print Layout |Switches to the Print Layout view. | |Insert |Page Break |Adds a page break to your paper at the point where your cursor is. | | |Page Number |Inserts a page number into your document (useful in the header). | | |Symbol |Adds symbols not available on your keyboard. Some useful examples are the em | | | |dash (—), the copyright mark ( ©), all of the accented letters you could ever | | | |want (Useful if your name is â€Å"Renà ©e†), and several fractions (â…ž). | |Format |Align Left |Left justifies the text of whichever paragraph your cursor is in. | |Show MoreRelatedScavenger Hunt922 Words   |  4 Pages16.   How many submissions are allowed for Exercises?   How many submissions are allowed for Post Tests? Two submissions are allowed for exercises and only one submission is allowed for post-tests. 17. How many points will you receive on the Scavenger Hunt if get all questions correct.   How many points will be deducted for each question missed? If all questions are correct, you receive 50 points. You lose 10 points for each incorrect answer. 18. Canvas contains practice exams and answers.   WhatRead MoreThe For The Cultural Scavenger Hunt1428 Words   |  6 PagesFor the cultural scavenger hunt, I was able to observe my doctor’s office, called Doctors Family Practice Center. It was interesting for me to notice the setting more in detail, and to observe people, pictures, and literature. Although I have been there a few times, it was helpful to notice small details. I was glad that I was able to do this project, because in the future I will observe healthcare settings more in detail. While at the doctor’s office, I noticed several pictures that were displayedRead MoreScavenger Hunt1421 Words   |  6 Pages1. ECPI is an accredited institution. Who is the accrediting body, and what does this mean for you as a student? Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, It means that our diplomas are real and can be used in the real world 2. What 4 academic programs or courses of study does ECPI offer? Technology, Business Criminal Justice, Health Science, and Culinary Arts 3. Who are the department heads for each program (for days and nights it’s the same Dept. HeadsRead MoreEssay on Scavenger Hunt1183 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion in your own words (do not copy and paste). Provide the page number on which the information is found. Save the document as first name, last initial_scavengerhunt. Example: CrystalE_Scavengerhunt. If you have questions, please ask. Scavenger Hunt Questions University 1. Who is the accrediting body for ECPI? ECPI University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC). Specifically, The Health Science/Medical AssistingRead MoreImplementing A Debt Education Program1310 Words   |  6 PagesCashCourse ® is that they offer scavenger hunts. Student life could promote the scavenger hunt and assist with the execution of the events. The goal is to help students become familiar with the program throughout each semester. Towards the last three months of each semester, we will have an event to test the student’s skills and knowledge they acquired through the activities. The Scavenger hunts consist of three online challenges. The student who can complete the scavenger hunt in the least amount of timeRead MoreA Study On The Scavenger Hunt Activity844 Words   |  4 PagesThe appellation given to me is â€Å"Donald William Chang† but please call me Dach for short!†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨My intended area of study for business would b e in entrepreneurship, e-commerce, leadership, and business law, ethics, policy, strategy, society. †¨The Scavenger Hunt activity gave me a hands-on opportunity to navigate the online campus in order to locate and remember where important learning and informational resources were located. It also demonstrated to me how the process could actually be fun and engagingRead MoreCareer Scavenger Hunt Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Career Scavenger Hunt Instructions Part I: NCDA Scavenger Hunt 1. What is the relationship of the NCDA to the American Counseling Association? The relationship of the NCDA to the American Counseling Association is that the â€Å"NCDA is a founding division of the American Counseling Association and collaborates with the ACA to jointly represent the interest of counselors in congress and in the national legislative process† (NCDA, 2015). 2. What is the purpose of the NCDA? The purpose of the NCDA isRead MoreCivil War Scavenger hunt1004 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Title: The American Civil War Review Scavenger Hunt Use the underlined sites to find the answers to the questions. (Place your cursor before the Question mark and type your question. Highlight a word or words and link to the web site Where the answer is located.) 1. Who was the president of the Confederate States of America? Jefferson Davis 2. Clara Barton became the first president of the American Red Cross. 3. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 in WashingtonRead MoreUNV501 Online Scavenger Hunt Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Online Learning Environment Scavenger Hunt Introduction Learning how to navigate the online classroom environment is essential to your academic success. GCU’s Learning Management System (LMS) LoudCloud has many resources to help you become a successful graduate student. Directions View the LoudCloud Walk to Class Tutorial as well as search LoudCloud to find answers to the questions below. You should complete the guide while navigating the LoudCloud environment. Part A: Answer each promptRead MoreInft Scavenger Hunt Quiz Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesClassroom Scavenger Hunt/Quiz Instructions Complete this worksheet by responding to the following the tasks listed below and providing answers to the questions. You may choose to print this worksheet for easier access. If you instead type out your answers onto this document, be sure to electronically save your work. Once you have completed this worksheet, open the INFT 101 Module/Week 1 Assignments folder and review the assignment instructions for completing the Classroom Scavenger Hunt Quiz. You

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries free essay sample

One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.

Project Report IT Security

Question: Write about the Project Reportfor IT Security. Answer: Introduction to Information Security Social Engineering refers to the art that includes the manipulation of the users in such a manner that they end up giving their confidential information to the malevolent entities. The information that the attackers may try to retrieve through these attacks may vary and it involves tricking the users such that they give out details such as user credentials, payment details and likewise. There are various social engineering techniques that the attackers make use of in order to retrieve confidential information from the users. One of the most common techniques is the phishing scams in order to obtain the personal information from the users. Phishing refers to the malicious activity of sending fraudulent emails to the customers in order to retrieve personal information from them by tricking the users. Embedded links and suspicious URLs are also used in order to execute the phishing attacks. Another form of social engineering attacks is pretexting in which the attackers create a fabricated scenario in order to obtain the personal information from the users. These attacks are used to acquire sensitive as well as non-sensitive information from the users. Baiting is another social engineering technique that is executed in order to gain personal information from the users. This attack is similar to the phishing attacks; however, these attacks make use of an offer or a produ ct to attract the users. Quid pro quo attacks are also the social engineering attacks in which the attackers promise the users to provide them an advantage or benefit in exchange of the information that they acquire from the users. Tailgating is also one of the most common social engineering techniques in which an unauthorized entity gains entry in to an authenticated area through illegal methods. There are numerous prevention mechanisms that may be used in order to prevent the social engineering attacks. The first and the foremost mechanism are to be aware of the social engineering attacks and their techniques. The users shall seek information regarding the attack types and techniques to prevent the execution of these attacks. Also, the users must never share their personal information with any party over the network. There are certain classes of information that the attackers target upon which include the demographic details of the users, payment information, user credentials and likewise. The users must make sure that they understand these information types and keep them protected. Organizations must also carry out trainings and awareness sessions for the users in order to make them aware about the common social engineering techniques and measures to detect and prevent the same. It is also extremely necessary to keep the software and systems up to date in order to avoid the specific types of attacks that are common to a certain version of the software or the system. Two-fold authentication along with blocking of malicious URLs and links shall be done with the aid of enhanced authentication measures and the use of firewalls (Alheyasat, 2015). Social engineering attacks are on an increasing pace in the current scenario. As per the trends, it has been observed that the frequency of these attacks will increase in the coming days as the attackers will have newer forms of access points and increased number of users over the network. It is required for the users to have a certain technical knowledge on the security attacks in order to keep their information safe and secure at all times. Also, there are enhanced privacy policies that are required to be set up in order to avoid any of the malicious entry in to the system. Cryptography Cryptography is a technique that leads to the enhancement of secure communication over the network by making use of various techniques and one of the techniques is encryption of information. Encryption of information refers to the process of converting an information piece in to the secure form which is known as encrypted form which can only be decoded or decrypted with the help of a key which may be public, private or shared in nature. There are broadly two types of encryption techniques that have been created. One of the techniques is the symmetric encryption and the other technique is the asymmetric encryption. Symmetric key encryption is the type of encryption that makes use of a common key for the encryption as well as decryption of the information. The encrypted text is referred as the cipher text in the terminology of cryptography. Some of the examples of symmetric key encryption include Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES), Blowfish, Twofish and many more. In these cryptography algorithms, a private key is used for converting the plain text in to the cipher text which is referred as encryption of information and the same key is used for converting the cipher text to the plain text which is known as decrypting the information. Most of the symmetric key algorithms make use of block cipher i.e. in these algorithms blocks of data are encrypted rather than one bit at a time. Asymmetric encryption algorithms on the other hand make use of different keys for the encryption and decryption of information. The interdependency in this case enhances the security of the information that is transmitted over the network. Some of the common asymmetric encryption algorithms include Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, RSA algorithm (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman), hash functions and many more. Hash algorithms that come under the asymmetric encryption algorithms return a value on the basis of the hash function that is applied. If there is any change in the data or information that is transmitted over the network, the hash value is also modified. There are various differences in the two encryption algorithms that are used for cryptography. Apart from the difference in the use of keys between the two types of encryption algorithms, asymmetric algorithms put a higher computational burden as compared to its counterpart. The major ability of the asymmetric algorithm is that it has the capability to create a secure medium over the non-secure or less secure channel. Symmetric algorithms on the other hand are extremely fast in nature as they make use of a common key for encryption as well as decryption of algorithm. The ease of implementation is also higher in the case of symmetric algorithms as compared to the asymmetric algorithms. Cryptography is an essential technique that is being used by the users and organizations all across the globe. The encryption algorithms that have been defined under cryptography ensure that information that is shared and transmitted over the network is kept secure and protected and the properties of the information such as its confidentiality, privacy and integrity are not violated. Also, there is a lot of research work that is being done in this field in order to devise the new mechanisms of information security and advanced cryptography is being applied across the several channels to make sure that the information security is enhanced. Symmetric key algorithms as well as asymmetric key algorithms are the two types that come under the umbrella of cryptography and have their own sets of pros and cons. It is required to investigate the suitable encryption type that shall be applied for the security of information. In the present times, big intelligence tools such as data mining and a nalytics tools are also being used for the detection of activities on the network (Harale, Meshram, 2016). Network Security Fundamentals and Firewalls There is a lot of information that is exchanged over the network on a daily basis. This information may fall in various categories such as private, confidential, sensitive, public and likewise. There are a lot many information and network security attacks that have been created that impact the properties of the information in a negative manner. These attackers or intruders gain an unauthorized entry in to the secure channels in order to violate the information properties. Intrusion Detection systems are the automated tools that are used to detect the activity of the intruders on a particular network or system. These create alerts to the system experts in case an entry is made by the intruder or any of such attempts is made. There are also various reports that can be extracted from these tools in terms of the data logs, activity logs and likewise. Network Intrusion Detection is the type of intrusion detection systems in which activity on a particular network is detected by the tool. The intrusion detection systems are installed for every single node segment that is present in a network. This tool is therefore responsible for tracking and monitoring the entire network traffic for all the nodes that are present in a particular network. It also does not involve the need to install the software across all the nodes and there is easy to install and involves lesser costs as well. These intrusion detection systems are created in such a manner that these are not dependent upon the operating system for deployment and functioning. The feature and ability make these systems easy to deploy. There are numerous network security attacks that have been created by the attackers such as denial of service attacks, distributed denial of service attacks, man in the middle attack, spoofing attacks and many more. Network based intrusion detection sy stems keep a track of the entire network activity and have therefore been successful in controlling and preventing the network attacks on a particular network. Also, these systems work in the real-time and therefore are efficient of detecting the network activities and malevolent activities in the real-time. Organizations and individual users have recently inclined towards the deployment of the network intrusion detection systems in their architecture in order to avoid and prevent the network attacks. Also, these systems have experienced a lot of advancement and innovation in the recent times and have become efficient to put a check on the network attacks. There are scenarios that have been observed in which the attackers sit on the network in an unauthorized manner and capture the network activity which is later misused by the attackers. Network based intrusion detection systems ensure that such entities are detected and removed from the network. There are also several network security protocols that have been developed and can be tested with the help of network based intrusion detection systems. In such cases, dummy data is passed on to the network to perform some illegal or malicious activity which is then detected by the network based intrusion detection systems. The testing process provides the network experts with an overview of the ability of the system along with the areas of improvements under the same. There are numerous algorithms that are used in the network based intrusion detection systems to make sure that any of the network security attack does not go undetected and is prevented in a timely manner. References Alheyasat, O. (2015). Examination expertise sharing in academic social networks using graphs: the case of ResearchGate. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 8, 137-151. https://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2015.515 Harale, N., Meshram, D. (2016). Data Mining Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems. International Journal Of Innovative Research In Computer Science Technology, 175-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijircst.2016.4.6.3

Taking a Free Sample Essay For School Admission

Taking a Free Sample Essay For School AdmissionThe free sample essay for school admission can be a handy tool for you to review. If you have not already done so, it is best to read the following sample essay from a popular publisher and revise the essay to see if you are satisfied with it.In order to write a successful essay, one must learn the right directions and practice to perfect the craft. To be prepared, you should first review the contents of the book. Then read the sample essay and try to improve on your own essay.The essay must be based on factual information from your academic experience. It must include facts regarding your academic performance in class. You should discuss your current situation and the opportunities available to you at this time. It is also necessary that you carefully explain why you want to study criminal justice and this will help you make a better decision. It should be a well-researched essay and contain the necessary information to support your the sis.Once you have the correct information, you need to talk about the most important things to you. Use your writing skills and make use of the writer's block so that you can tackle your topics properly. Use a purpose in which to communicate that will move the reader to action. Your essay should help you draw out some positive points from the information you provide.Essays for school admission usually cover a wide variety of subjects, especially those related to criminal justice. It helps to learn about the subjects first and then write an essay on them. This will give you a firm foundation before writing the essay. Once you are familiar with the subject matter, you will be able to express yourself clearly about it and this is the best way to begin a proper essay.One of the most common mistakes is to leave a paragraph to finish up the essay and then start the rest of the essay from that point. A good student and a responsible one are one who can continue the topic properly and compl ete the rest of the essay. An essay should not be the focus of the paper and should not be a long discussion. It should convey the ideas of the essay and create a single clear statement.The free sample essay for school admission must not be a rehash of what has been previously mentioned in the course. Your college adviser is interested in the topics that will enable you to become an outstanding individual. It will be beneficial to you if you write your essay to fit into the general topic outline of the course. This is a good way to learn a lesson or a concept and then work on it in your own words. Practice makes perfect.Finally, do not rush the essay as this will result in an unfocused essay. Make sure that your essay includes all the necessary information to support the statements you have made in the essay. If you are able to take these steps in reviewing the free sample essay for school admission, you will be ready to write an outstanding essay.